Social class int&ext

• Who's theory is that pupils class identities give them symbolic capital/sense of worth

  Bourdieu
• What is symbolic violence

  Working class habitus is devauled
• In terms of pupils class identities, how does the middle class have an advantage?

  School has a middle class habitus
• What does Evan's say about working class girls?

  Working class girls are reluctant to go to Oxbridge - self exclusion
• What are 'Nike identites'?

  Working class wear brands to create self worth and status
• Whose theory is 'Nike identites'?

  Archer
• Why are 'Nike identites' less relevant today?

  Wear uniform to school
• What is labelling?


  Attaching a label to a pupil based on a stereotyped assumption

  Working class - negative label

  Middle class - positive label = given more encouragement/support
• What is Becker's labelling theory?

  Pupils are judged based on how close they fit to ideal pupil
• What is Hempel - Jorgensen's labelling theory?

  Ideal pupil varies on class makeup of school

  School mainly working class - ideal pupil based on quietness and obedience

  School mainly middle class - ideal pupil based on academic ability
• What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?


  Pupils internalise teacher expectation/label
• How did Rosenthal and Jacobson prove the self fulfilling prophecy?

  Fake IQ test

  Gave teacher false results - those who were 'smarter' actually were a year later
• Describe Fullers study


  Black girls study - rejected their negative teacher labels and did opposite
• What is streaming?


  Separates children into different ability groups
• What did Ball say about streaming?

  Working class lower streams - lower teacher expectations- bad behaviour
• What is the educational triage?

  Sorting pupils

  -those who will pass

  -borderline pupils (given extra help)

  -hopeless cases
• What is the A-C economy?

  Schools concentrate resources on those who have potential to get 5 C's - boosts league tables
• Whose theory was educational triage and A-C economy?

  Gillborn and Youdel
• According to Lacey, how do pupil subcultures develop?

  - differentiation - categorising pupils based on ability eg streaming

  - polarisation - how pupils respond to streaming
• Who is apart of a pro school subculture?

  High streams

  Middle class
• Who is typically apart of an anti school subculture?

  Low streams

  Working class
• Why are working class more likely to truant?

  Academic failure (lower streams) pushes to find status another way - truanting
• 4 pupils responses to subcultures

  Retreatism

  Ingratiation

  Ritualism

  Rebellion
• What is retreatism?


  Messing about
• What is ingratiation?


  Being the teachers pet
• What is ritualism?


  staying out of trouble
• According to Sugarman, what are the 4 barriers faced by the working class?

  Immediate gratification

  Present time orientation

  Collectivism

  Fatalism
• What is immediate gratification?


  Wanting an immediate reward
• What is collectivism?


  value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
• What is fatalism?


  The belief that they can‘t change their status
• What is present time orientation?

  Not having any long term plans
• According to Douglas, how does parents eduction affect their children?

  Working class place less value on education
• 3 reasons parents education affects their children according to Feinstein


  Parents educational behaviours - high qualified parents more aware to assist child

  Use of income - middle class more likely to spend money to promote educational success

  Parenting style - parents with higher qualifications have higher expectations and consistent discipline
• According to Leech and Campas, what is selection by mortgage?

  Middle class can afford to move into catchment area of schools placed highly in league tables
• What is cultural capital?

  The knowledge, attitudes and values of the middle class that they use to get ahead
• What is educational and economic capital?

  Wealthier parents can afford private schools and extra tuition to get ahead
• How does housing affect a child's education?

  Overcrowding =less room for homework/easily distracted

  Temporary housing = moving a lot = changing schools

  Cold and damp affecting child's health = more absences from school
• Who's theory is how diet and health affect a child's education

  Howard
• How does financial support effect a child's education

  Working class may need a job alongside education to support family

  Lack and equipment

  Hand me down uniform = bullying
• Who's theory is 'costs of free schooling'

  Bull