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Biology paper 1
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Sophie Henderson
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Cards (102)
Microscopes
Normal light microscope can see cells and
nucleus
, electron microscope can see
subcellular
structures in more detail
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Magnification
Image size
/
Object size
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Cell types
Eukaryotic
cells (have nucleus)
Prokaryotic
cells (no nucleus)
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Eukaryotic cells
DNA is found in the
nucleus
Examples:
plant
and
animal
cells
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Prokaryotic cells
DNA is found in a ring called a
plasmid
No
nucleus
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Cell structures
Cell membrane
Cell wall
(in
plant
cells and bacteria)
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts
(in
plant
cells)
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Bacterial binary fission
1. Number of bacteria
doubles
every
10
minutes
2. After 1 hour:
2
^6 =
64
bacteria
3. After 6 hours: 2^36 = 6.87 x
10
^
10
bacteria
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Practical: Bacterial growth on agar
Use
aseptic
technique
Incubate
at
25°C
Measure area of
growth
or area where bacteria were
killed
by antibiotics
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Diploid cells
Cells with
23
pairs of
chromosomes
(e.g. human body cells)
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Haploid cells
Cells with
23
single chromosomes (e.g. human
gametes
)
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Mitosis
1.
Genetic
material is
duplicated
2.
Nucleus
breaks down
3.
Chromosomes
move to
opposite
sides
4. New
nuclei
form in the
two
new cells
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Cell specialisation
Cells specialize to perform specific functions (e.g. nerve, muscle, root hair
cells
)
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Stem cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into
different
cell types
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules/particles from high to
low
concentration, no
energy
required
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Osmosis
Diffusion
of
water
across a semi-permeable membrane
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Practical: Osmosis in potato cylinders
1.
Cut equal size
potato cylinders
2.
Weigh
and place in
sugar
solutions
3.
Reweigh
after
1
day
4. Calculate %
change
in
mass
5. Plot against sugar
concentration
to find
no-change
concentration
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Active transport
Using
energy
to move substances
against
a concentration gradient
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Tissues
Heart
tissue
Digestive
tissue
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Organs
Heart
Liver
Stomach
Small intestine
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Organ systems
Circulatory
system
Digestive
system
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Enzymes
Biological catalysts that break down specific molecules (e.g.
amylase
breaks down
starch
)
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Enzyme active site
Specific
shape
that allows substrate to
bind
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Enzyme activity
Increases with
temperature
until
denaturation
, has an optimum pH
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Practical: Investigating enzyme activity
1.
Mix
amylase and
starch
at different temperatures or pH
2. Test for
starch
presence over
time
3. Plot time to complete
reaction
against temperature or
pH
to find optimum
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Food tests
Iodine
for starch
Benedict's
solution for sugars
Biuret's
reagent
for proteins
Ethanol
for lipids
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Respiratory system structures
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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Alveoli
Lungs have many small
alveoli
to increase
surface area
for gas exchange
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Blood components
Red
blood cells (carry
oxygen
)
Plasma
(carries
dissolved
substances)
White
blood cells (fight
infection
)
Platelets
(
clot
wounds)
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Double circulatory system
Blood enters the heart
twice
on each
circuit
around the body
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Heart structure
Right side pumps
deoxygenated
blood to
lungs
, left side pumps oxygenated blood to body
Pacemaker
regulates
heart beat
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Blood vessels
Arteries
carry blood
away
from heart, veins carry blood towards heart
Capillaries
allow
gas
/nutrient exchange
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Coronary arteries
Supply the heart muscle with
oxygen
and
nutrients
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Non-communicable diseases
Diseases not caused by pathogens, e.g.
cardiovascular
disease,
cancer
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Communicable diseases
Diseases caused by
pathogens
, e.g.
infectious diseases
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Coronary artery
Delivers
blood
to the heart muscle to supply
oxygen
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Heart attack
Occurs when coronary arteries are blocked by buildup of
fatty
deposits, causing
coronary heart disease
(CHD)
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Stents
Little tubes
inserted into blood vessels to keep them
open
and allow blood flow
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Statins
Drugs that reduce
cholesterol
and
fatty
deposits
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Faulty heart valves
Result in
backflow
, can be replaced with
artificial
ones
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Blood
Carries plasma, red
blood cells
, white blood cells, and
platelets
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