4Q Social Studies LT 1 Reviewer

• Nationalism


  Love for country, but in political terms, it's a liberating and oppressive force
• Nationalism can also be a negative force
• Nationalism in Southeast Asia


  • Emerged from the experience of colonialism and imperialism
  • Occurred from late 1800 to early 2000
  • Started with the opening of Suez Canal
  • Philippines was the first to start the nationalism movement
• Reform Movement


  Activities of a group of Filipinos who called for political reforms and produced literatures to educate others about their goal
• Students who created the Reform Movement wanted the Philippines to be seen as a province of Spain
• Propagandists were seen as rebels and many were exiled
• Viet Quoc or Vietnamese Kuomintang


  • A political party in Indochina that wanted to free Vietnam
  • Attracted attention through its assassinations of French officials and Vietnamese collaborators
  • Last rebellion was put down with French revenge, leaders were exiled and the party never regained its strength
• Viet Minh


  • Guerilla campaign against the Japanese and French led by Ho Chi Minh
  • They were aided with weapons and bases given by the newly communist China
  • Ho Chi Minh took control over many rural areas and North Vietnam was declared free
• Nationalism in China


  • Caused by the Western and Japanese imperialism
  • Started when the Qing dynasty failed to fend off foreigners
  • Partition of China was a big insult to the people
• Taiping Rebellion


  • To overthrow Qing Dynasty and to establish a new Dynasty called "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"
  • 1850 - 1864 led by Hung Hsui Chan
  • Crushed by the Qing and other Westerners in 1864
• Kuomintang or the Nationalist Party


  • To build China under "Three Principles of the People", to free China from foreign domination, overthrow Manchu Dynasty, end absolute monarchy, put in place a republic, and promote "livelihood" by giving land
  • Led by a new leader, Sun Yat-sen in 1900s
  • After the last Manchu leader was removed, the republic was established but caused chaos and confusion
  • In 1925, Chiang Kai-shek became the new leader and launched military campaigns and distrusted the communists
  • Disillusioned followers joined the communists under Mao Tse Tung
  • Mao Tse Tung established the People's Republic of China and forced Chiang Kai-shek to go to Taiwan
• Nationalism in Arabia


  • Arab nationalists wanted an independent Arab empire
  • In 1908, a revolution launched by the Young Turks started Arab nationalism
  • Arab nationalists believed that it would be better if Arabs were united under an independent Arab government
  • They appealed for the reestablishment of the Arab culture and identity led by Hussein ibn Ali, an influential leader
  • After WW1, Arab Revolt took place in order to finally secure their independence
  • Arab nationalism transferred to an anti-colonial movement because of the mandate system, followed by Iraqi Revolt
  • British changed the policy in Iraq while in Southern Syria revolted and many died
  • Pan Islamism - To unify all Islamic states into one, but not all Arabs support this
• Nationalism in South Asia, India


  • Indian nationalism is deeply tied to the British colonial rule
  • Western-educated nationalists came to dominate the independence movement
  • WW1 put this on hold
  • To assure the Indians of the war efforts, British promised self rule at the end but this did not happen
  • Mahatma Gandhi with his non-violence philosophy brought positive results
  • Raja Ram Mohan Roy - "Father of the Modern India" advocated reforms
  • During WWII, Indian nationalists were given control to demand for immediate independence at the end of the war
  • Though British rejected this, in the end India received freedom
• World War I


  Also known as the Great War
• Causes of World War I


  • Imperialism
  • Alliances (Triple Alliance and Triple Entente)
  • Militarism
  • Widespread nationalism
  • Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
• In 1914, Austria declared war against Serbia
• Central Powers


  Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary
• Allied Powers


  Britain, France, Russia
• World War I ended after 4 years with the victory of Allied Powers
• Treaty of Versailles


  • Germany had to sign since they lost the war
  • Had to pay war damages
  • Give up part of its territory
• Effects of World War I on Asia


  • Involvement of Asia was based on economy
  • Asian countries under colonial powers supplied Europe with war supplies and assistance
  • Asia was affected by the Treaty of Versailles
  • France gained mandate over Syria and Lebanon
  • Britain got a mandate over Trans-Jordan, Palestine, and Iraq
  • Jews are encouraged to return to Israel which caused conflict with Arabs
  • At the end of the war, Britain, USA, France, and its allies restored political power and economy in their colonies in Asia
  • Only led to intensify their want to rebel
  • Many rebellions were launched
  • WW1 helped Japan emerge as a new imperialist state during the WW2
• Interbellum


  1918-1939, the years between the 2 world wars
• Causes of World War II


  • Germany was in poverty but gave birth to the new nation's leader, Adolf Hitler
  • They had a desire to reclaim lost greatness
  • Japan started an industrialization program but experienced the Great depression
  • Japanese believed it was through expansion could solve their problem
• Adolf Hitler

  • Germans were a "master race"
  • Rebuilt the Nazi army
  • Treaty of Versailles was prohibited
  • Invaded European nations which violated the treaty's provision
• Japan's role in World War II


  • Japanese dream was to have an empire under the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and colonize Asia
  • Japan allied with Central Powers and signed a pact with Italy and Germany to support future expansion in Asia
  • This alliance allowed Japan to receive financial and military assistance from powerful nations
  • Japan persuaded France to occupy French Indochina and Dutch East Indies to strengthen resources and totally dominate Southeast
  • This threatened the USA and forced an oil embargo
  • Japan had a secret plan to attack USA
  • Attacked Pearl Harbor
  • This enabled the Japanese army to occupy the rest of Asia
  • Japanese's supremacy ended when the USA ordered the atomic bombing at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• World War II ended in 1945 when the Japanese signed surrender papers
• Effects of World War II on Asia


  • Japanese supremacy claimed millions of lives which inspired colonized countries to demand self-determination, free colonial bondage, and be seen as a sovereign country
  • Colonial rulers wanted to reclaim their lost territories and continue with imperialist policies
  • This idea made Asians take revolutionary actions
  • Cambodia was reoccupied by the French
  • Laos faced internal struggles which only ended when the Communist Party took over
  • Vietnam was geared to fight French
  • When WWII ended, Ho Chi Minh and Vietminh took north Vietnam and established a republic
  • Japan surrendered Korea and USA and Russia occupied the country
  • Russia occupied north and USA occupied south which created the Cold War
  • Later on, North Korea launched an attack on South Korea which caused the Korean War
  • The political and economic problems between Malaysia and Singapore were not resolved even after the surrender of Japan
  • The population was divided among Malay, Chinese, and Indians under British rule
  • Philippines was divided between those politicians who supported the Americans and those who joined the resistance movement against colonialism
  • Filipinos held hatred against the Americans
• Cold War


  1945-1989 of a competition for territory between USA and USSR (Russia) without direct confrontation
• The end of WWII led to a new world order with USA and USSR on top
• Liberalism


  One of the two ideologies that divided the world after WWII
• Communism


  One of the two ideologies that divided the world after WWII
• The Cold War led to a divided Germany, with East Germany under Communism and West Germany under Liberalism
• Containment Policy


  The US wanted to contain the spread of communism
• NATO


  An alliance of countries in Europe and the USA
• Domino Theory


  One communist government in one nation will quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring nations
• The Domino Theory pushed USA to enter into wars
• Effects of the Cold War in Asia


  • Proxy War - To gain political and economic influence
  • Divided Korea - North under Communism, South under Liberalism
  • Chinese civil war - Chinese embraced communism
  • Vietnam War which led Vietnam to be a socialist
• The end of the Cold War saw the Iron Curtain lifted and the USSR dissolving into its component republics