cognitive neuroscience

• what is the pounds or kilo of a brain?

  3.5 lbs or 1kg
• refers to the specific areas of the brain

  that control specific

  skills or behaviors.

  Localization of function
• seeks to use observations from the study

  of the brain to help unravel the

  mechanisms of the mind.

  Cognitive

  Neuroscience
• what are the three regions of brain?

  Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
• it encompassing the cerebral

  cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus,

  and hypothalamus, is located at the top and

  front of the brain.

  forebrain
• is crucial for eye movement and

  coordination, particularly in nonmammals, where

  it controls visual and auditory information.

  midbrain
• comprising the medulla oblongata,

  pons, and cerebellum, is responsible for crucial

  survival functions like respiratory rhythm, motor

  activity, sleep, and wakefulness.

  hindbrain
• Involved in receiving and

  processing sensory

  information, thinking, other

  cognitive

  processing, and planning and

  sending motor information.

  Cerebral cortex
• Collections of neurons crucial to motor function

  Dysfunction can result in motor deficits i.g Parkinsons and

  Huntington’s Disease. (old man)

  Basal Ganglia
• seahorse shape in the brain's temporal

  lobes. It's crucial for

  learning, memory, and

  converting short-term

  to long-term

  memories. (dory)

  Hippocampus
• is an

  almond-shaped brain structure

  in the temporal lobe. It deals

  with emotions, especially fear,

  and is vital for memory and

  motivation as part of the limbic

  system.

  Amygdala
• The amygdala helps you with?

  Dealing with strong emotions, like fear and excitement
• relays incoming sensory

  information through groups of

  neurons

  that project to the appropriate

  region in the cortex. (traffic enforcer)

  Thalamus
• It helps produce hormones that

  regulate heart rate, body

  temperature, hunger, and the

  sleep-wake cycle.

  Hypothalamus
• Important in controlling consciousness

  (awaking & sleeping cycle), attention, and

  movement.

  Reticular Activating System

  (reticular formation)
• Essential to balance,

  coordination, and

  muscle tone.

  Cerebellum
• Latin “bridge” serves as

  a kind of relay station

  because it contains

  neural fibers that pass

  signals from one part of

  the brain to another.

  Pons
• serves as juncture at which

  nerves cross

  from one side of the body to

  opposite side

  of the brain involved in

  cardiorespiratory

  function (breathing),

  digestion, and swallowing.

  Medulla Oblongata
• What does the cerebral cortex mainly help you

  with?

  Making important decisions and thinking smartly
• 2 brain hemispheres?

  left brain, right brain
• responsible for art

  awareness, creativity, and

  holistic thinking.

  right brain
• a dense aggregate

  of neural fibers connecting the two cerebral

  corpus callosum
• controls the ability to understand the meaning of words.

  wernicke's area
• controls the ability to speak

  broca's area
• 4 lobes of brain?

  frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal
• involves in cognitive functions

  such as memory,

  emotions, impulse

  control, problem

  solving, social

  interaction, and motor

  function.

  frontal lobe
• involved in visual

  processing, analyzing color,

  motion, location, and form in

  scenes like picking

  strawberries.

  occipital lobe
• responsible for auditory processing,

  language comprehension, and visual

  memory retention, as well as

  matching new visual information to

  existing memory.

  temporal lobe
• crucial for comprehending the

  world, processing touch, and

  coordinating sensory inputs,

  thereby enhancing our

  perception of our

  surroundings.

  parietal lobe
• brain and spinal chord.

  central nervous system
• nerves, capillaries, artery

  peripheral nervous system
• it caries chemical signals, acts as a messenger in brain.

  neurotransmitters
• Involved in arousal, sleep

  and dreaming, and mood;

  usually inhibitory but some

  excitatory effects.

  serotonin
• excitatory chemical

  acetylcholine
• Changes in electrical

  potentials are recorded

  via electrodes attached

  to scalp.

  EEG

  (electroencephalogram)
• It uses a radioactive substance called a

  tracer to look for disease or injury in the

  brain. Changes in concentration of

  positrons in targeted areas of the brain are

  then measured.

  PET

  (positron emission tomography)
• measurements are based on

  the differences in oxygen

  consumption between active

  and less active brain areas due

  to the creation of a magnetic

  field.

  FMRI (Functional Magnetic

  Resonance Imaging)
• is a non invasive test that

  neurologists and neurosurgeons

  use to help plan brain surgeries for

  epilepsy and tumor removal. MEG

  maps out the sensory areas of your

  brain and can pinpoint the exact

  location where seizures originate.

  Magnetoencephalography

  (MEG)
• Why is the hippocampus essential for your daily life?

  It lets you learn new things and remember them for the future.
• responsible for analytical thinking, logic, science, and writing.

  left brain