week 2

• Values


  Unwritten intrinsic principles that determine human relationships
• Values


  • Respect
  • Trust
  • Sympathy
• Values are the basis of harmony in human relations
• Morality


  Unwritten and intrinsic principles which determine and influence social life
• Moral behavior


  • Earning wealth through own efforts without cheating, corruption or stealing
  • Being polite and helpful to colleagues and customers
• Immoral behavior can lead to sin, crime, and destroy social harmony
• Ethics


  A written concept that organizes behaviors in society and maintains social order
• Ethical principles are accepted by all humankind and are universal, unlike morality or values which may differ between societies and religions
• Values


  Ensure harmony in human relationships, are unwritten
• Morality


  Provides social order, has no written rules and may differ in different societies and religions
• Ethics


  A sum of written principles that maintain social order and do not change in various societies and groups, it is universal
• Value


  An abstract evaluation used to determine the importance of something, things wanted as regardless of time and place and considered as useful and good
• Values show diversities, like "respect, sympathy, honesty" and also "art, philosophy, science, equality, freedom"
• Values and morality


  Closely related, as moral judgments like "good" and "bad", "nice" and "useful" appear as values, and moral principles indicate the values we should tend
• Morality


  Rules that regulate the behavior of people in society and must be obeyed, behaviors known as absolute good or originated from a certain lifestyle
• Ethics


  A discipline of philosophy that studies what the good is, analyzes people's behaviors and gives reasons to answers of "what should we do?"
• Although ethics and morality are similar concepts, they are not the same - morality is the behavior and responsibilities to be obeyed, while ethics is the philosophical consideration of morality
• Ethics uses scientific methods to distinguish "right" and "wrong", while morality may differ between societies and even within a society
• Ethics includes universal rules, is a philosophical discipline with written rules and documents, while morality is the behavior performed in daily life based on ethical rules
• Principle


  The main idea and belief, the main rule, which is considered excluding all discussions
• Ethical principles are written statements expressing certain rules, they are not rules with sanctions like laws but aim to guide people to good behaviors
• When determining ethical principles, they must be compatible with formal and informal ethics, clear, concise and understandable, not conflicting, applicable, and determined through a participatory approach
• Principles to consider when determining ethical principles

  • Equality
  • Human rights
  • Pragmatism
  • Individualism
  • Objectivity
  • Responsibility
  • Loyalty
  • Rule of law
  • Sympathy
  • Tolerance
  • Politeness
  • Respect
  • Democracy
  • Clearness
  • Rights and freedoms
  • Resistance to illegal orders
  • Not having conflict of interest
• Descriptive ethics

  Also called applied ethics, determines criteria to compare behaviors, principles, moral theories in ethical dilemmas and examines their application in human behaviors
• Metaethics


  Aims to analyze moral judgments by seeking answers to questions about the meaning of ethical concepts, the methods of ethics, and the role of mind in performing ethical actions
• Normative ethics


  Aims to determine norms, common values and regulatory principles for moral actions, tries to show how people should behave
• Descriptive ethics vs normative ethics

  • Descriptive: Observes and investigates what and why happened

  Normative: Directs about what should be done
• Metaethics seeks to answer questions about whether what is done is moral or not, and according to whom it is moral
• Professional ethics


  Principles determined and protected by a specific professional group regarding their job/occupation/profession, to tend members to behave in a certain way, regulate competition, push out incompetent members, improve the profession, and benefit the profession
• A behavior that is ethical for one profession may not be ethical for another, and there may be differences even within subsections of the same job
• The essence of ethics is the person themselves, not just intellectual evaluations