PMLS 1

• Phlebotomy


  The act of opening a vein by using incision or puncture methods to draw blood for analysis or as part of therapeutic or diagnostic measures under the physician's request
• Temnein


  To cut
• Phlebotomy: A Historical Perspective

  1. Stone Age - used crude tools to cut vessels and drain blood from the body

  2. Ancient Egyptians - a form of "Bloodletting" (1400 B.C.)

  3. Hippocrates (460 - 377 BC) - balance of the four humors, removing the excess by bloodletting

  4. Middle ages – used to treat illness and performed by barber-surgeons

  5. 17th and 18th century – treated as major therapy
• Cupping


  • Alternative medicine
  • Application of special heated suction cups on the patient's skin
  • Incision using a fleam or lancet
• Leeching


  • Known as Hirudotherapy
  • Uses leeches for bloodletting
  • Used for microsurgical replantation
• Phlebotomy Today


  • Collecting blood for laboratory procedures
  • Collecting blood for blood donation
  • Performing therapeutic phlebotomy (ie. px with polycythemia vera)
• Credentials


  • Certification
  • Licensure
  • Continuing education
• Patient – Client Interaction


  • Reassuring and pleasant
  • Able to communicate well
  • Maintain positive customer relations
  • Understand the diversity of the patients and be able to adjust accordingly
• Qualities of a Professional


  • Professionalism
  • Self-confidence
  • Integrity
  • Compassion
  • Self-motivation
  • Dependability
  • Ethical Behavior
• Communication in the Healthcare Setting

  • Verbal Communication
  • Nonverbal Communication
  • Active listening
• Elements in healthcare communication

  • Empathy
  • Control
  • Trust
  • Confirmation
  • Respect
• Organization of Hospital Services

  • with permanent inpatient beds
  • 24-hour nursing service
  • Managed by organized medical team
• Classification by Institutional Character

  • Institution-based / Hospital-based
  • Non-institution-based / Free standing
• Classification by function


  • Anatomical and Surgical Pathology area
  • Clinical Analysis/Clinical Pathology area
  • Molecular Pathology area
• Clinical Pathology areas


  • Hematology
  • Coagulation
  • Chemistry
  • Serology
  • Urinalysis
  • Microbiology
  • Blood bank/immunohematology
• Hematology


  • Hematocrit (Hct)
  • Hemoglobin (Hgb)
  • Red Blood Cell (RBC) count
  • White Blood Cell (WBC) count
  • Platelet (Plt ct) count
  • Differential White Blood Cell Count (Diff)
  • RBC Indices
  • Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
  • Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV)
  • Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
  • Red blood distribution width (RDW)
• Coagulation


  • Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
  • D-dimer
  • Fibrin split products (FSP)
  • Fibrinogen
  • Prothrombin Time (PT) or International Normalized Ratio (INR)
• Chemistry


  • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
  • Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
  • Ammonia
  • Amylase
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
  • Bilirubin
  • Blood Gases (ABG)
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
  • B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
  • C-reactive protein High sensitivity (hs-CRP)
  • Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
  • Calcium
  • Cholesterol (total)
  • Cortisol
  • Creatine Kinase (CK)
  • Creatinine
  • Drug Analysis
  • Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2)
  • Glucose
  • Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
  • Hemoglobin A1C
  • Lactate dehydrogenase
  • Lipase
  • Prostate specific antigen
  • Total Protein
  • Triglycerides
  • Troponin-I
  • Uric Acid
  • Vitamin B12 and folate
• Serology/Immunology


  • Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
  • Rheumatoid factor (RF)
  • Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer
  • Cold agglutinins
  • Febrile agglutinins
  • FTA-ABS (Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test)
  • Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
  • Anti-HIV
  • Cytomegalovirus antibody (CMV)
  • Epstein-Barr Virus
  • Hepatitis B surface antigen
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
• Urinalysis


  • Color
  • Clarity
  • Specific Gravity
  • Blood
  • Bilirubin
  • Glucose
  • Ketones
  • Leukocyte
  • pH
  • Protein
  • Nitrite
  • Urobilinogen
• Microbiology


  • Acid-fast bacilli (AFB)
  • Blood culture
  • CLO test
  • Culture & Sensitivity (C&S)
  • Fungus culture and identification
  • Gram stain
  • Occult blood
  • Ova and parasites
• Blood Bank/Immunohematology


  • Antibody (Ab) screen
  • Direct antihuman globulin test (DAT)
  • Type and RH
  • Type and crossmatch
  • Compatibility testing
• Other Laboratory Areas


  • COVID - 19 ANTIGEN SWABBING AREA
  • DRUG TESTING (SCREENING)
  • OPD LABORATORY
  • STAT LABS
  • Reference Laboratory
• National Reference Laboratories


  • National Reference Laboratory for Environmental & Occupational Health
  • National Reference Laboratory for Toxicology
  • National Reference Laboratory for Micronutrient Assay
  • National Reference Laboratory for Industrial and Chemical Emergencies
  • National Reference Laboratory for General Clinical Chemistry
  • National Reference Laboratory for Anatomic Pathology for Pulmonary and Pleural Diseases
  • National Reference Laboratory for Hematology
  • National Reference Laboratory for Immunohematology
  • National Reference Laboratory for Urinalysis
  • National Reference Laboratory for Anatomic Pathology for Renal Diseases and other Unassigned Organ Systems
  • National Reference Laboratory for Cellular-Based Product Testing
  • National Reference Laboratory for Anatomic Pathology for Cardiac Diseases
  • National Reference Laboratory for Cardiac Markers
  • National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance
  • National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory
  • National Reference Laboratory for Transfusion-Transmissible Infections
  • National Reference Laboratory for Dengue and Other Arboviruses®
  • National Reference Laboratory for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses™*
  • National Reference Laboratory for Emerging and Re-Emerging Bacterial Diseases™
  • National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis*
  • National Reference Laboratory for Special Pathogens™
  • National Reference Laboratory for Mosquito Vectors of Human Diseases™
  • National Reference Laboratory for Malaria and Other Parasites®*
  • National Reference Laboratory for Schistosomiasis™*
  • National Reference Laboratory for Rabies and other Lyssaviruses**
  • National Reference Laboratory for Polio and other Enteroviruses
  • National Reference Laboratory for Measles and other Exanthems
  • National Reference Laboratory for Invasive Bacterial Vaccine Preventable Diseases
  • National Reference Laboratory for Rotavirus and other Enteric Viruses™***
  • National Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Enteric Diseases™**
  • National Reference Laboratory for Mycology
  • National Reference Laboratory for HIV/AIDS
  • National Reference Laboratory for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
  • National Reference Laboratory for Syphilis and Other SexuallyTransmitted Infections
• Laboratory Staff


  • Pathologist
  • Chief Medical Technologist
  • Section Head
  • MT Staff
  • Laboratory Technician
  • Laboratory Aide, Support Staff
• Phlebotomy or venesection


  act of opening a vein by using incision or puncture methods to draw blood for analysis or as part of therapeutic or diagnostic measures under the physician's request.
• phlebos


  means vein
• temnein


  means "to cut"
• Phlebotomy - Stone Age


  used crude tools to cut vessels and drain blood
• Phlebotomy History - Ancient Egyptians


  phlebotomy is a form "bloodletting" (1400 B.C.)
• Phlebotomy History - Hippocrates


  balance of the four humors, removing the excess by bloodletting
• Phlebotomy History - Middle Ages


  used to treat illness and performed by barber-surgeons
• Phlebotomy History - 17th and 18th Century


  phlebotomy is treated as major therapy
• Phlebotomy History - Cupping


  - alternative medicine

  - application of special heated suction cups on the patient's skin

  - incision using a fleam or lancet
• Phlebotomy History - Leeching

  - known as Hirudotherapy

  - uses leeches for bloodletting

  - used for microsurgical replantation
• Function of Today's Phlebotomy

  1) collecting blood for laboratory procedures

  2) collecting blood for blood donation

  3) performing therapeutic phlebotomy (ex. polycythemia vera)
• Credentials of Phlebotomist


  - Certification

  - Licensure

  - Continuing education
• Patient to Client Interaction

  1) Reassuring and pleasant

  2) Able to communicate well

  3) Maintain positive and customer relations

  4) Understand the diversity of the patients and be able to adjust accordingly
• Quality of a Professional


  1) Professionalism

  2) Self-confidence

  3) Integrity

  4) Compassion

  5) Self-motivation

  6) Dependability

  7) Ethical Behavior
• Patient's Rights


  - High quality hospital care

  - Clean and safe environment

  - Involvement in your care

  - Protection of your privacy

  - Help when leaving the hospital

  - Help with your billing claims