Human Anatomy

• Levels of Structural Organization


  The human body exhibits many levels of structural complexity
• Levels of Structural Organization

  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism

  
• Atom


  The unit of matter that form all chemical substances, with 3 subatomic particles: proton, neutron and electron
• Molecule


  A chemical combination of 2 or more atoms, the simplest form of a compound
• Compound


  A chemical combination of 2 or more different elements
• Types of chemical bonds

  • Ionic Bond
  • Covalent Bond
• Ionic Bond


  Molecules consist of charged ions with opposite charges, forming solids with high melting points that conduct electrical current, when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
• Anion


  A negatively charged ion
• Cation


  A positively charged ion
• Covalent Bond


  Molecules in which atoms share electrons, have low melting points and do not conduct electric current

  
• Cell


  The smallest independent unit of life, performing many chemical activities and basic functions like growth, metabolism, irritability, and reproduction
• 4 basic groups of tissues

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
• Epithelial tissue


  • Found in the outer layer of the skin, in the lining of organs, blood and lymph vessels and body cavities, functions to protect organs, some specialized for secretion, absorption, filtration
• Connective tissue


  • Found in the skin, portion of bones and tendons, some contain fibers to form a strong mesh, functions to protect, support and connect/bind most parts of the body
• Muscle tissue


  • Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac, functions to produce movement through its ability to contract or shorten
• Nervous tissue


  • Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves, functions to respond to various stimuli (irritability) and transmit nerve impulses from one area of body to another (conductivity)
• Organ


  An integrated collection of two or more types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
• Organ System


  A group of organs that work together to perform a major function
• 11 Organ Systems


  • Integumentary
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Cardiovascular
  • Nervous
  • Lymphatic/Immune
  • Digestive
  • Respiratory
  • Reproductive
  • Endocrine
  • Urinary
• Integumentary System


  • Consists of the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands, functions to cover and protect internal organs, regulate body temperature, and act as sensory receptors
• Skeletal System


  • Consists of bones, cartilages, and ligaments, functions to protect vital organs, support the body, provide a lever mechanism for movement, manufacture blood cells, and store minerals and fats
• Muscular System


  • Consists of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, functions to allow for body movement, maintain posture, move materials through body parts, and produce body heat
• Cardiovascular System


  • Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, functions to pump blood and transport materials and tissue waste
• Nervous System


  • Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory organs, functions to regulate most body activities, receive and interpret information from sensory organs to initiate actions
• Lymphatic/Immune System


  • Consists of glands, lymph nodes, lymph and lymphatic vessels, functions to return excess fluid to the blood and is part of the immune system
• Digestive System


  • Consists of teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder and pancreas, functions to break down large food molecules into small molecules and remove solid wastes
• Respiratory System


  • Consists of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm, functions to provide the mechanism for breathing and exchange of gases between air and blood
• Reproductive System


  • Consists of ovaries, testes, reproductive cells, accessory glands, and ducts, functions for reproduction and heredity
• Endocrine System


  • Consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones
• Urinary System


  • Consists of kidneys, ureters, urethra and urinary bladder, functions to eliminate metabolic waste, regulate blood pressure, water, salt and acid-base balance, and maintain volume and composition of body fluids
• Anatomical Position


  A standard reference position used to describe the location of body parts
• Directional Terms


  • Distal
  • Lateral
  • Superior
  • Deep
  • Superficial
• Planes of the Human Body

  Sagittal, Coronal, Transverse
• Body Cavities/Viscera


  Dorsal (posterior) and Ventral (anterior) cavities
• Biology


  The study of living organisms
• Anatomy


  The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts, and the relationships among structures