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• Concept paper


  It defines an idea or a concept and explains its essence to clarify the "whatness" of that idea or concept. It answers the questions: what it is and about it.
• Concept paper


  Starts with definition, either formal or informal, of the term or the concept and proceeds with an expanded definition and analytic description of the aspects of the concept.
• Definition


  A logical technique by which the meaning of a term is revealed. Definition is important because it clarifies the meaning of a word or a concept and it also limit the scope of that particular word or concept. Limiting the scope controls and avoids misinterpretations, ague notions, and/or broad ideas.
• Definition


  • Formal - follows a pattern or equation. Term + genus + differentia (differentiating characteristics.
  • Example: A robot is a machine that looks like a human being and performs complex acts of a human being (Webster)
• Definition by Synonym


  • Using a word or phrase that shares a meaning with the term being defined. Example: Hashish - marijuana.
• Definition by origin or Semantic History


  • Example: Yoga comes from the Sanskrit "to join"
• Definition by Illustration


  • Example: Known for their shedding their leaves in the fall, deciduous trees include oaks, maples, and beeches.
• Definition by Function


  • Example: A thermometer measures temperature change.
• Definition by Analysis


  • Example: The republican form of government has three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary
• Definition by Contrast


  • Example: Unlike those of gas, the particles of plasma are electrically charged.
• Definition by Negotiation


  • Example: Wild rice, an American delicacy, is not rice at all but the seed of a tall aquatic grass.
• Explication


  It is an attempt to reveal the meaning by calling attention to implications, such as the connotations of words and the tone conveyed by the brevity or length of a sentence.
• Clarification


  It is a method of explanation in which the points are organized from a general abstract idea to specific and concrete examples. The analysis of the concept is done by looking at the examples and specifying its characteristics.
• Democracy encompasses social, economic, and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination.
• The political system of Classical Athens, for example, granted democratic citizenship to an elite class of free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation.
• A reaction paper is a form of paper writing in which the writer expresses his ideas and opinions about what has been read or seen
• Reaction paper


  Evaluated due to writer's communication skills and only then due the unique ideas and the content
• Things to remember when writing a reaction paper


  1. Read the material carefully

  2. Mark interesting places while reading and watching

  3. Write down your thought while reading or watching
• Things to remember when writing a reaction paper

  1. Come up with a thesis statement

  2. Compose an outline

  3. Construct your paper
• Literary criticism


  The comparison, analysis, interpretation, and/or evaluation of works of literature
• Formalist Criticism


  • Regards literature as "a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms"
  • All the elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself
• Formalist Criticism


  • A primary goal is to determine how elements of form (style, structure, theme, tone, imagery, plot, etc.) work together with the text's content to shape its effects upon readers
• Gender Criticism


  • Examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works
  • Feminist criticism takes as a central precept that the patriarchal attitudes that have dominated western thought have resulted, consciously or unconsciously, in literature "full of unexamined 'male-produced' assumptions"
• Historical Criticism


  • Seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and intellectual context that produced it—a context that necessarily includes the artist's biography and milieu
• Reader-Response


  • Takes as a fundamental tenet that "literature" exists not as an artifact upon a printed page but as a transaction between the physical text and the mind of a reader
• Media Criticism


  • The act of closely examining and judging the media
  • Media bias is the perception that the media is reporting the news in a partial or prejudiced manner
• Marxist Criticism


  • Focuses on the economic and political elements of art, often emphasizing the ideological content of literature
  • Often argues that all art is political, either challenging or endorsing (by silence) the status quo, it is frequently evaluative and judgmental, a tendency that "can lead to reductive judgment
• Structuralism


  • Focused on how human behavior is determined by social, cultural and psychological structures
  • Tended to offer a single unified approach to human life that would embrace all disciplines
• Academic Language

  The language needed by students to do work in schools
• Social Language


  The set of vocabulary that allows us to communicate with others in the context of regular daily conversations
• Characteristics of Academic Language

  • Formal
  • Objective
  • Impersonal
• Formal


  It should not sound conversational or casual. Colloquial, idiomatic, slang or journalistic expressions should particularly be avoided.
• Objective


  It should be based on facts and evidence and are not influenced by personal feelings
• Impersonal


  Involves avoiding the personal pronouns "I" and "We"
• This is the language needed by the students to do work in schools
• Academic texts address complex issues that require higher-order-thinking skills to comprehend
• Academic Language


  The language needed by students to do work in schools
• Social Language


  The set of vocabulary that allows us to communicate with others in the context of regular daily conversations
• The starting point of an academic text is a particular perspective, idea or position applied to the chosen research problem, such as establishing, proving or disapproving solutions to the questions posed for the topic
• Academic texts have a formal structure consisting of introduction, body and conclusion