116 Lab 2nd

• Arthropods - Body form: tagmatization - Skeletal: chitinous exoskeleton - growth: ecdysis - respiration: book gills with spiracles - circulation: open - digestion: complete - sense organs: compound eyes, ocelli, antennae - reproduction: dioecious - development: metamorphosis
• Types of metamorphosis:

  Hemimetabolus: incomplete

  Holometabolus: complete
• • Chelicerates -> Gnathobase : crush food; telson : "caudal spine"
• Multipedes

  • Repugnatorial glands: for protection from predation
• Millipedes - 2 pairs per segment ; Centipede - 1 pair per segment
• Zygentoma

  • Silverfish - has median filament
  • chelipeds - claws
• Zygoptera

  • thinner wing
  • folded wings
  • even wings
  • Has thicker leading wing, thinner trailing wing
• Anisoptera

  • broader wing
  • Wings do not fold
  • uneven wings
• Dermaptera

  • pincer like cerci
  • wings do not cover abdomen
  • Found in: banana
• Mantodea

  • example: praying mantis
  • elongated prothorax
  • where legs are that's where thorax is
• Neoptera

  • fold wings above abdomen

  Orthoptera

  • Example: grasshopper - shorter antenna; katydid; crickets
  • SALTATORIAL: jumping movement
• Homoptera

  • membranous wings

  Paraneoptera 

  • have haustellate mouthparts

  Cicada - mostly in larval stage, they mate then die

  Psocodea orgy

  • How do they mate? loud noise mating

  Hemiptera

  • Namesake: half wing 1/2 thick 1/2 thin (before)
  • since homoptera included in hemiptera
  • called heteroptera now (different wing)
  • hemelytra - forewings
  • scotellum - triangle shape on their dorsal side
• Blattodea/Isoptera

  • Example: periplaneta americana
  • tegmina: leathery forewings
  • ootheca :eggs

  Termites

  • social behavior
  • advanced blattodea

  Gamu-gamo (moth)

  • either ant or termite
  • surot - bed bugs
  • pulgas - fleas
  • garapata - tick
  • kuto - lice
  • lisa - egg of lice
• Siphonaptera (siphon: mouth like straw, aptera no wings)

  • Example: Fleas - ctenidia looks like mustache
• Hymenoptera

  • look like they have one pair of wings but actually 2 stuck together via hamuli
  • Ex: ants bees wasps

  Bumble bee

  • hairy

  Honey bee

  • colonial
  • ants release formic acid - causes irritation on skin
  • Translation: antik

  Some are...

  • pollinator - coevolve with plants they pollinate
• Coleoptera

  • elytron: forewings hardened straight
  • beetles, ladybugs (hemiptera are the only true bugs) 
  • larva holometabolous beetle larva
  • also has scutellum
• Lepidoptera

  • butterfly antennae: straight then curled
  • moth: bristle

  At rest

  • butterfly: folded
  • moth: just like that

  Coloration

  • butterfly: colorful
  • moth: boring
  • butterfly: diurnal
  • moth: nocturnal
  • Because of  of resource partitioning
• Diptera

  • 2 wings: halteres for orientation
  • anopheles - malaria - rare in cities, is in africa, palawan
  • aedes egypti - dengue - mostly daytime, black and white pattern body
  • culex - wuchereria-> kiti-kiti - brown
  • can identify from larva
  • flies: lapping, spongiform mouthpart secretes enzymes to digest food
  • mosquito: piercing mouthpart
  • cursorial - running movement
• Malacostraca

  Crustaceans

  • 10 pereopods
  •  thoracopods - appendages connected to thorax
  • maxillipeds - head - first 3 pairs thoracopods
• Tagmatization


  localize body movements and functions
• Body plan

  head thorax abdomen
• Ecdysis


  molting to get new exoskeleton
• Function of epicuticle

  waterproofing
• contents of procuticle

  chitin proteins fat CaCO3
• Do they have Cilia?

  No
• Arthropods foot type

  Joint foot
• How do they have joints if exoskeletons rigid

  Less cross-linkages in joints
• Classification of legs

  Uniramous, Biramous
• Subphylum Trilobitomorpha


  2 longitudinal furrows
• Subphylum Chelicerata


  chelicerae, no antenna, has prosoma & opisthosoma
• Subphylum Mandibulata


  Has mandible
• Class Merostomata


  Telson, book gills
• Class Arachnida 


  Book lungs or tracheae
• How many pairs of appendages do arachnida have?

  6 pairs
• How to differentiate male and female horseshoe crab?

  Male 2nd pedipalp is more muscular
• When do horseshoe crabs mate, and how?

  full moon; synchronous spawning
• Horseshoe crab medical application?

  Can detect toxins (Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate or LAL)
• Order Opiliones


  Don't have waist
• Order Araneae


  Spinner
• Order Scorpiones


  Stinging