CSP 3

• Culture is defined as "that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of a society.

  1. Biological capacity of humans for culture
  2. Place of humans in the animal kingdom
  3. How humans came to develop early forms of culture
• THINKING CAPACITY

  • The primary biological component of humans that allowed for culture is the developed brain.
• Parts of the brain:

  • Frontal Lobe

  • Parietal Lobe

  • Temporal Lobe

  • Occipital Lobe

  • Cerebellum

  • Spinal Cord
• THINKING CAPACITY

  • Compared with other primates, humans have a larger brain, weighing 1.4 kg.
  • Chimpanzees have a brain weighing only 420 g, and those of gorillas weigh 500 g.
• SPEAKING CAPACITY

  • As the brain is the primary source of human's capacity to comprehend sound and provide meaning to it, the vocal tract acts as the mechanism by which sounds are produced and reproduced to transmit ideas and values.
• WALKING / STANDING CAPACITY

  • Bipedalism is the capacity to walk and' stand on two feet, whereas quadropedalism uses all four limbs.

  • Although apes are semi-bipedal, humans are the only fully bipedal primates.
• • In reference to cultural formation, the Paleolithic stage has provided the bases for the development of complex human groups through the establishment of culture.
  • By the end of the Paleolithic period, Earth was getting warmer as the Ice Age was already at its last stages.
  • The early humans have always been dependent on their environment, which made foraging the primary mode of subsistence.
• • This period is characterized by a major shift in economic subsistence of the early humans from foraging to agriculture.
  • This shift in itself changed the entire array of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and corresponding material inventions.
• As to how states rose, there are five primary theories.

  1. Divine right theory - rulers ascended to power convinced that their right to rule is based on their filial relationship with supernatural forces and entities.
  2. Force theory

  • a group forces members of another group to subject themselves to their rules.
• 3. Paternalistic theory

  -the father essentially is the leader of the first political unit, which grew as the number of the members of his family grew.

  4. Social contract theory

  -the creation of a state was a mutual agreement between the ruler and the ruled to ensure order and security from outside threats.

  5. Natural theory

  -humans have an innate need to be part of a community.
• Movable tangible heritage pieces

  -are often removed from the sites where they were found and transferred to museums for safekeeping and maintenance.

  2. Immovable tangible heritage pieces - are often left to the elements of nature, which makes them vulnerable to decay and corrosion.
• GRIPPING CAPACITY

  The hand of a human has digits that are straight, as compared with the curved ones of the other primates.

  • Power grip

  -enabled humans to wrap the thumb and fingers on an object.

  • Precision grip

  -enabled humans to hold and pick objects steadily using their fingers.
• Ferraro and Andreatta (2010)

  ⁃ family as "a social and economic unit that consists of one or more parents and their children."
• ACCORDING TO ORGANIZATION, STRUCTURE, AND MEMBERSHIP

  Characteristics of Family

  ⁃ A family should have at least one child.

  ⁃ A family can have one or more parents.

  ⁃ A family can have parents who are not married.

  ⁃ A family can have parents of the same sex.

  ⁃ A family is a socioeconomic unit.
• Classification of Family :

  • Nuclear
  • Extended
  • Reconstituted
• Two kinds of nuclear families :

  ⁃ family of orientation (born and raised)

  ⁃ family of procreation (adopt)
• Extended Family

  ⁃ this is composed of two or more nuclear families related to each other economically and socially.
• Reconstituted Family

  ⁃ the current spouses were previously married and had children

  ⁃ these individuals remarried and created a new family
• ACCORDING TO PLACE OF RESIDENCE 

  • Patrilocal residence
  • Matrilocal residence 
  • Bilocal/Ambilocal residence
  • Neolocal residence
  • Avunculocal residence
  • Natalocal residence
• Patrilocal residence

  ⁃ requires that newly married couple live with the family of the husband or near the residence of the parents of the husband.
• Matrilocal residence 

  ⁃ requires that the newlywed couple live with or near the residence of the wife's parents.
• Bilocal/Ambilocal residence

  ⁃ provides the newlywéd couple the freedom to select where to reside, i.e., near the husband's or wife's area.
• Neolocal residence

  ⁃ permits the newlywed couple to reside independently of their parents.
• Avunculocal residence

  ⁃ prescribes that the newlywed couple reside with or near the maternal uncle of the husband.
• Natalocal residence

  ⁃ this arrangement allows both spouses to remain with their own households after marriage.
• ACCORDING TO DESCENT

  • Patrilineal descent
  • Matrilineal, descent
  • Bilateral descent
• • Patrilineal descent

  ⁃ affiliates a person with a group of relatives related to him/her through his/her father.

  • Matrilineal, descent

  ⁃ affiliates a person with a group of kinsmen related to him/her through the mother.

  Bilateral descent

  ⁃ affiliates a person with a group of kinsmen related to him/her through both his/her father and mother.
• ACCORDING TO AUTHORITY 

  • Patriarchal family
  • Matriarchal family
  • Equalitarian
• Patriarchal family

  ⁃   is one in which authority is vested in the oldest male, member, often the father, or grandfather, or in the absence of parents, on the oldest male member.

  • Matriarchal family

  ⁃ is one in which authority is vested in the mother or the mother's kin.

  Equalitarian

  ⁃ is one where the husband and wife exercise a more or less equal amount of authority. (shared equally)
• ACCORDING TO TERMS OF MARRIAGE 

  • Monogamy,

  ⁃ permits the man to have only one spouse at any time.

  • Polygamy

  ⁃ is plural marriage.

  It assumes any of the following forms:

  ⁃ polyandry (wife w/ multiple husbands)

  ⁃ Polygyny (husband w/ multiple wives)
• POLITICS OF KINSHIP

  ⁃ A political dynasty refers to the continuous, political rule of one family.

  ⁃ Due to the compadrazgo system, political alliances are also created, which is based not on agreed political ideologies or platforms but more on a pseudo kinship basis.