Sci exam

• The names and

  chemical symbols

  of the elements

  are considered.
• The elements are

  arranged

  according to

  increasing atomic

  number
• The elements are

  organized in

  columns (groups)

  and in rows

  (periods)
• There are three

  types of elements:

  Metals

  Nonmetals

  Metalloids
• METALS

  • mostly solid at room

  temperature

  • shiny or lustrous
  • ductile
  • malleable
  • good conductors of

  electricity

  • can form alloys
  • mostly found at the

  left side of the

  periodic table
• NONMETALS

  mostly gases at room

  temperature

  dull

  less dense

  poor conductors of electricity

  brittle

  found at the right of the

  Hays-McDaniel line (zigzag line

  that passes between Al and Si,

  Ge and As, Sb and Te, and Po

  and At)
• METALLOIDS

  • elements that lie beside the

  Hays-McDaniel line in the

  periodic table

  • have both metallic and

  nonmetallic properties

  • maybe dull or shiny

  • may also conduct heat

  and electricity

  • used as semiconductors

  • B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
• Sodium (Na) - Natrium

  Gold (Au) - Aurum

  Copper (Cu) - Cuprum

  Silver (Ag) - Argentum

  Tin (Sn) - Stannum

  Antimony (Sb) - Stibium

  Mercury (Hg) - Hydrargyrum
• Electron Configuration

  • it describes and show

  the distribution of

  electrons in each

  energy level located in

  various locations or

  orbitals.
• Valence electrons

  electrons found in the

  outermost energy level

  of an atom

  • it is used to determine

  the group where the

  elements belong
• Blocks

  • group of elements

  that all have their

  valence electrons

  in the same

  atomic orbital
• Atomic Orbitals

  • a region of space around the nucleus in which

  there is a high probability of finding electrons
• it has 4 basic types of orbitals:

  s orbital

  p orbital

  d orbital

  e orbital
• s-block

  ● comprises the first two

  groups:

  Alkali metals

  • Alkaline earth metals

  ● elements are soft and

  generally active and have

  low melting points

  ● elements readily lose

  electrons to form cations
• p-block

  ● composed mostly of

  nonmetals except

  Helium

  ● elements lose, gain,

  or share their

  valence electrons to

  interact with other

  elements
• d-block

  ● it is composed of

  transition metals that

  belong to Groups 3-12

  ● elements have their

  valence electrons in

  their two valence shells

  elements generally have

  high melting and boiling

  points

  ● elements are used as

  catalyst for chemical

  reactions
• f-block

  • composed of the

  inner transition

  metals

  • elements have high

  melting points and

  varied oxidation

  states

  • most elements can

  form colorful crystals
• Period or Series

  ● refers to the horizontal

  arrangement of elements in

  the periodic table

  ● it shows the highest energy

  level of the electrons of an

  element

  ALL ELEMENTS IN THE SAME PERIOD

  HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF

  ENERGY LEVELS.
• PERIOD 6

  •includes the

  LANTHANIDE SERIES

  (14 elements after

  Lanthanum)
• PERIOD 7

  •includes the ACTINIDE

  SERIES (14 elements

  after Actinium)
• Period or Series

  ● Period number

  increases from top to

  bottom due to the

  increase in the energy

  levels as the number of

  electrons increases.
• GROUPS / FAMILIES

  •18 columns from left to

  right

  •classified into A and B

  family consisting of 8

  groups each

  1A to 8A

  1B to 8B

  •one group is to one

  column except in

  Group 8B (with 3

  columns)

  •the group number

  represents the valence

  electrons in the

  outermost energy level

  (for representative

  elements only)
• Old Notation

  •makes use of Roman

  numerals (I – VIII)

  and distinguished

  between A and B

  groups
• IUPAC Notation

  🡪 recommended by

  International Union of

  Pure and Applied

  Chemistry (1984)

  🡪 columns are

  labeled with

  Hindu-Arabic

  numerals from 1-18

  from left to right
• REPRESENTATIVE

  ELEMENTS

  🡪elements in the A

  families

  🡪 Group 1A - 8A or

  Groups 1-2 and 13-18

  🡪 the group number

  (1- 8A) represents

  the valence

  electrons in the

  outermost energy

  level
• TRANSITION METALS

  🡪elements in the B

  families

  🡪 Group 1B - 8B or

  Group 3-12

  🡪 elements have their

  valence electrons in

  their two valence

  shells
• ●Main Group Elements (taller columns)

  Group 1 or I A 🡪 Alkali Metals

  Group 2 or II A 🡪 Alkaline Earth Metals

  Group 13 or IIIA 🡪 Boron Group /Icosagens

  Group 14 or IV A 🡪 Carbon Group / Crystallogens

  Group 15 or V A 🡪 Nitrogen Group / Pnictogens

  Group 16 or VI A 🡪 Oxygen Group / Chalcogens

  Group 17 or VII A🡪 Halogens

  Group 18 or VIII A 🡪 Noble Gases
• shorter columns

  • Group I B or 11

  • Group II B or 12

  • Group III B or 3

  • Group IV B or 4

  • Group V B or 5

  • Group VI B or 6

  • Group VII B or 7

  • Group VIII B or 8-10
• NATURAL (found in nature) (92 elements)

  SYNTHETIC (man-made) (26 elements)
• ALKALI METALS

  (Group 1A or 1)

  • All are metals except Hydrogen

  • Highly reactive metals

  • Tend to lose one valence electron

  to attain stability

  • Less dense than other metals

  • Soft

  • Mostly soluble in water
• ALKALINE EARTH METALS

  (Group 2A or 2)

  • Highly reactive

  • Tend to lose 2 valence

  electrons

  • Silvery gray in color

  • Harder and denser than alkali

  metals

  • Mostly soluble in water
• THE TRANSITION METALS

  Group 3 - 12

  › Less reactive than Groups 1 and 2 metals

  › Shiny and vary in color

  › Hard

  › With high melting and boiling points

  › All solids at room temperature except Mercury
• BORON FAMILY / Icosagens

  GROUP 3A or 13

  • Consist of Boron (metalloid) and

  other metal elements

  • Fairly reactive

  • Tend to lose 3 valence electrons

  • Solid at room temperature
• THE CARBON FAMILY or Crystallogens

  Group 4A or 14

  › consist of:

  • a non-metal ( C )

  • metalloids (Si and Ge)

  • metals (Sn, Pb, Fl)

  › All have 4 valence electrons

  › Not very reactive (except Carbon)

  › Solid at room temperature
• NITROGEN FAMILY or Pnictogens

  Group 5A or 15

  › Have 5 valence electrons

  › consists of :

  – non-metal (P)

  – metalloids ( As and Sb)

  – metals (Bi and Mc)

  › Reactivity varies for

  each element

  › All solids, except

  Nitrogen (gas at room

  temperature)
• THE OXYGEN FAMILY

  Group 6A or 16

  › Have 6 valence electrons

  › All solids except Oxygen

  (gas at room temperature)

  › consists of:

  – nonmetals (O, S, Se)

  – metalloid ( Te and Po)

  – metals (Lv)
• THE HALOGENS

  Group 7A or 17

  › comes from the Greek words:

  hals which means salt

  genes which means forming

  › they combine readily with metals to form

  salts

  Ex. table salt (sodium chloride)

  › Have 7 valence electrons

  › Highly reactive with metals

  › composed of:

  – nonmetals ( F, Cl, Br, I, At )

  – metal ( Ts )
• THE NOBLE GASES

  Group 8A or 18

  › rare gases (not very abundant on

  Earth)

  › are the least chemically reactive

  elements because of their complete

  valence electrons

  › Have 8 valence electrons

  › also called as “inert gases” (lacks

  reactivity)

  › Colorless and odorless

  › All gases at room temperature
• FOOD

  a nourishing substance taken into the

  body through eating or drinking

  • provides the essential nutrients that the

  body needs
• NUTRIENTS

  substances in the food that

  provide energy

  promote growth

  sustain life

  regulate various chemical processes