dealing with ethical issues

• -          to deal with privacy and confidentiality- anonymity can be maintained which is achieved when the researchers do not record any personal details about their participants so that none of the results data can be tracked back to them and instead the researcher can refer to the participants using numbers or initials when writing up the investigations for example HM case study and the participants should be reminded during both the briefing and debriefing of the investigation that their data will be protected
• -          privacy and confidentiality-confidentiality refers to the right participants have which concerns any personal data of theirs being protected
• -          privacy and confidentiality- the right to privacy refers to the rights that participants have to control information about themselves and how much is released and how it is used it can be difficult to avoid invading I participants privacy for example if they're in a field study-the right of privacy can extend to the location of the study whereby the situation is not named
• -          to do with protection of harm- if the participant have being subjected to any stress or psychological harm the researcher should provide counselling if it is required and in order to prevent and protect participants against harm a cost benefit analysis should be done before the studies carried out- this is done by the Ethics Committee whereby the pros and cons of the study are weighed up to determine whether the study will be ethical this can be difficult add the example of where this went wrong would be Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment
• -          protection of harm- participants must be protected from physical and psychological harm and it is in the job of the researcher to make sure of this- This is why all through the investigation participants are reminded that they have the right to withdraw especially if the study is causing them harm
• -          to deal with problems of  deception it's important to use debriefing where all participants would be debriefed after the study this can be in a written form of verbally. During the debrief the true nature of the study must be said and the participants should be told what their data will be used for and after the debrief participants have the right to choose or withhold or withdraw their data
• -          deception- this is the act of deliberately withholding information from participants or misleading them during the research study. Which is only seen as acceptable when the participants knowing the true nature of the study could lead to the participants guessing the aim of the investigation and in turn affecting the results or when deception and being deceptive will not cause any harm or distress
• -          another alternative way to deal with issues of informed consent is to be retrospective which is when the participants are asked for consent after they have participated in the study
• -          another alternative to deal with the issues of informed consent a researcher could also use presumptive consent which is where you would ask another group of people similar to the study group and if they agree then they would make the presumption that the study group would also be ok with the study
• -          there are alternatives to dealing with issue of informed consent a researcher could get prior general consent which is when participants give permission to take part in many studies whereby one would involve deception so effectively they are consenting to getting deceived
• -          informed consent – is when participants must be told the purpose of the investigation and about any potential risks they may be subject to when taking part which allows them to make an informed decision and whether they want to participate in the research or not however the researcher doesn't always wish this disclose the information as it could lead to the mount characteristics being present and hence the results being bias