Paper 2

• Permanent magnet

  A magnet that is permanently a magnet
• Induced magnet

  An electromagnet
• Two of the same poles together

  They push each other away (north and north or south and south)
• Two different poles together

  They will attract each other (north and south)
• Refraction

  When a wave enters a new material it changes direction, this only happens when a wave hits the material at an angle
• Light waves in order

  • radio
  • microwave
  • infrared
  • visible
  • ultraviolet
  • x-ray
  • gamma
• Long wavelength

  Low frequency
• Short wavelength

  High frequency
• Ionising light waves

  • ultraviolet
  • x-ray
  • gamma
• The reason we can only see visible light is because the frequency becomes either too low or too high with the other light waves
• Electromagnetic waves

  Transverse waves that transfer energy from the source of the waves to an absorber
• Force increases

  Acceleration increases
• Mass increases

  Acceleration decreases
• Inertia

  A property of matter that shows if an object is stationary it will stay stationary unless a force acts on it, if an object is moving it will continue moving at the same rate unless a force acts on it
• More weight on a spring

  The spring stretches more
• Elastic deformity

  The elastic can turn back to its original state
• Inelastic deformity

  The elastic can't turn back to its original state
• Friction

  Causes the molecules to move faster, so they have more energy, which increases the temperature
• Isolated object with no other forces

  Gravity would be acting on it as well as an upward force
• Centre of mass

  The point at which the object will balance
• Magnitude

  The amount of something
• Higher gravitational force

  Higher the weight
• Contact force

  A force that requires physical contact
• Non-contact force

  A force that doesn't require physical contact
• Contact forces

  • friction
  • air resistance
• Non-contact forces

  • gravity
  • magnetism
• Scalar

  A quantity with only magnitude
• Scalars

  • temperature
  • energy
  • speed
  • angle
  • distance
  • area
  • volume
  • frequency
  • time
  • voltage
  • mass
  • density
• Vector

  A quantity with both magnitude and direction
• Vectors

  • velocity
  • momentum
  • force
  • electromagnetic fields
  • weight
• Braking distance

  Affected by weight, speed, icy/wet roads (effect friction)
• Thinking distance

  Affected by alcohol, drugs, tiredness, age, eyesight, distractions
• Resistors

  Limit the flow of current which drops the voltage
• Joules

  Measurement of energy
• Joules units

  • Joules
  • Kilojoules
  • Megajoules
  • Gigajoules
• Acceleration

  The rate of change of velocity
• If an object is speeding up

  It is accelerating (and its acceleration has a positive value)
• If an object is slowing down

  It is decelerating (and its acceleration has a negative value)
• Longitudinal wave examples

  • Sound waves
  • Ultrasound waves
• Transverse wave examples

  • Electromagnetic / Light waves