chapter 1 pe

• Identify six functions of the skeleton.

  1. Support

  2. Structure

  3. Protection

  4. Movement

  5. Mineral Storage

  6. Blood Cell Production
• Name three bones of the arm.

  Humerus, Ulna and Radius
• Name three bones of the leg.

  Femur, Tibia and Fibula
• Name the bones protecting the vital organs.

  Cranium and ribcage.
• Name three joint types.

  Hinge, Ball and socket and pivot.
• What type of joint is found at the elbow?

  Hinge.
• What type of joint is found at the hip?

  Ball and socket.
• What type of joint is found at the ankle?

  Hinge.
• Where are the metatarsals found?


  Feet.
• Where are the metacarpals found?


  Hand.
• What joint actions occur at a hinge joint?

  Flexion and extension.
• What joint actions occur at a ball and socket joint?

  Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation.
• What joint actions occur at the ankle?

  Plantar flexion and dorsi flexion.
• What are the three classifications of the bone and give an example of each of these in the skeleton?

  1. Flat - Cranium

  2. Long - Femur

  3. Short - Carpals
• Name the muscle that causes flexion at the elbow.

  Agonist = Bicep
• Name the muscle that causes extension at the elbow.

  Agonist = Tricep
• Name the muscle that causes flexion at the knee.

  Agonist = Hamstring
• Name the muscle that causes extension at the knee.

  Agonist = Quadricep
• Name the part of a synovial joint that allow the joint to move freely.

  Synovial fluid secreted from the bursae.
• Name the part of the joint which is found on the end of each bone to prevent friction.


  Cartilage.
• List the pathway of air starting at the mouth/nose and finishing at the alveoli.

  Trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, alveoli.
• List four features of the alveoli which assist gaseous exchange.

  Thin walls (short diffusion pathway), large surface area, lots of capillaries (good blood supply) and moist walls.
• What does oxygen bind with in red blood cells to be able to be transported around the body?


  Haemoglobin.
• Name the three blood vessels

  Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
• Which blood vessel has valves?


  Veins.
• What do valves prevent?


  Backflow.
• Which have the larger lumen, arteries or veins?

  Veins.
• Which have thicker walls, arteries or veins?

  Arteries.
• What is vasoconstriction?

  Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce the blood flow to certain areas.
• What is vasodilation?

  Widening of blood vessels to increase the blood flow to certain areas.
• Name the four chambers of the heart.

  Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left Atrium and Left Ventricle.
• List the stages of the cardiac cycle, starting with the vena cava and finishing at the body, including valve names.

  Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aorta.
• Define cardiac output.

  Volume of blood leaving the left ventricle per minute.
• What is the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate?

  Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
• What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

  It contracts and flattens.
• What happens to the ribcage during inspiration?

  It moves upwards and outwards.
• What happens to the ribcage during expiration?

  It moves downwards and inwards.
• What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

  Relaxes and becomes dome shaped.
• Define tidal volume

  Volume of air breathed in during a normal breath.
• Define inspiratory reserve volume.

  Volume of extra air that can be forcibly breathed in after a normal breath.