Lipids

• Greek word “lipos” which means fat
• lipds Are biomolecules that contain large hydrophobic structures that are commonly not soluble in water
• lipids are not formed through polymerization
• Contain C, H, O (sometimes P)
• Long-term energy storage
• lipids have the ability to cushioning of vital organ
• Important role in plasma membrane structure – polar (head) hydrophilic and nonpolar (tail) hydrophobic. • Protect • Send signals
• Serves as insulation- more lipids in the body can keep themselves warmer. Thick fat layers as their form of adoption to the freezing temperatures.
• Serve as precursors for important reproductive hormones
• triglycerides 


  It contain a glycerol attached to three fatty acids
• fats


  refers to solid triglyceride usually from animal sources such as meat, milk, butter, margarine, eggs, and cheese
• Animal fat contains high percentages of saturated fatty acids.
• oil


  refers to liquid triglycerides from plant sources. Ex: Olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil.
• fatty acid


  Are long-chain carboxylic acids that are insoluble in water.
• fatty acids Can be saturated or unsaturated
• saturated fats (palmatic)


  • Contain only single bonds in the fatty acid chain • Solid at room temperature
• saturated fats 


  • they tend to clog the lining of blood vessels and block the flow of blood when consumed in high amounts • Caused hypertension (HPN)and heart attack
• unsaturated 


  They are normally liquid at room temperature. The bent structure prevents close packing and results in oils or fats that are liquid at room temperature.
• The more bond/bent the more liquid and the more healthier
• 1 gram of fatty acid is > than 1 gram of carbohydrate
• transfat


  may be produced artificially through the process of hydrogenation
• hydrogenation 


  the process of adding hydrogen in liquid vegetables oil giving them longer shelf life and make them more suitable for frying and other uses
• Good cholesterol 


  High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) picks up excess cholesterol and transport back to liver
• bad cholesterol

  low density lipoprotein (ldl) pick us excess cholesterol and transport to different part of body can cause heart attack and stoke.
• mono unsaturated 


  one double bond liquid at room temperature
• polyunsaturated 


  multiple bonds
• phospholipid 


  Are lipids with a phosphate group
• Phospholipids contains glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
• Phospholipids have a polar and non-polar end. This property allows it to transport molecules in the bloodstream.
• phospholipid is also a major component in the cell membrane
• The two parts of a phospholipid can be termed as the hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and hydrophobic tail (fatty acid group)
• Steroid 


  Are cyclic hydrocarbons usually composed of four rings
• Cholesterol – steroid alcohol (sterol)
• Cholesterol formation usually happens in major organs such as the brain and blood vessels • They are also major component in the formation of bile salts and gallstone.
• Sex hormones – are also steroids

  1. Testosterone – male sex

  hormones responsible for lowering

  voice pitch, growth and facial and

  body hair.
• b. Progesterone and estrogen (estradiol) female ovulation cycle
• c. Cortisol – your “fight or flight” hormone is designed to let you know when you’re in danger. It removes fatty acids from lipids storage cells and amino acids from the body to be used as energy
• waxes


  Are esters (carboxylic derivative
• It combined from certain alcohol and fatty acids • They are extremely hydrophobic