Neuro

• CNS


  Central Nervous System
• Primary Division


  • Prosencephalon/ forebrain
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon/ hindbrain
• Prosencephalon/ forebrain


  Includes Telencephalon and Diencephalon
• Telencephalon


  • Cerebral hemisphere
  • Basal ganglia
  • Hippocampus (learning & memory)
  • Lateral ventricles
• Diencephalon


  • Subthalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
  • 3rd ventricle
• Mesencephalon


  • Midbrain
  • Cerebral aqueduct / Aqueduct of Sylvius/ITER
• Rhombencephalon/ hindbrain


  • Includes Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
• Metencephalon


  • Pons
  • Cerebellum
  • 4th ventricle (upper part)
• Myelencephalon


  • Medulla oblongata (MO)
  • 4th ventricle (lower)
• Lobes of the brain

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
• Cerebellum has white stripes lines
• Brainstem is in front of cerebellum
• Gray matter


  Outside, cell bodies
• White matter


  Inside, axons wrapped in myelin sheath
• Gyrus


  Ridge on the cerebral cortex, rounded folds/elevations
• Sulcus


  Groove/ crumpled depression
• Medial longitudinal fissure (MLF)


  • Separates left and right hemisphere
• Central sulcus/Rolandic fissure


  • Separates parietal and frontal lobes
• Precentral gyrus


  • Motor
• Postcentral gyrus


  • Sensory
• Lateral fissure/Sylvian fissure


  • Separates frontal and parietal from temporal lobe
• Parieto-occipital fissure


  • Separates parietal and occipital lobe
• Calcarine sulcus


  • Separates the 2 occipital lobes (superior and inferior)
• Insula


  Buried within the lateral sulcus
• Insula

  Planning and coordinating articulatory movements necessary for speech
• Limbic system


  Oldest part of the brain; lies on both sides of thalamus inside the cerebrum
• Functions of the limbic system

  • Memory/intellect
  • Instincts and Emotions
  • Behavior
  • Sexual drive
• MIEBS


  Mnemonic for functions of the limbic system
• Brodmann's area


  Different areas: functionally specialized
• Frontal lobe


  • Primary motor area/ precentral gyrus
  • Premotor cortex
  • Frontal eye field
• Primary motor area/ precentral gyrus

  Function: Voluntary movement on the contralateral side of the body

  Lesion: Contralateral paralysis; Flaccidity
• Premotor cortex


  Function: Stores motor activity and movement (result of past experiences)

  Lesion: Spasticity
• Frontal eye field


  Function: Control voluntary scanning movement and is independent of visual stimuli

  Normal: Eyes opposite to the Brodmann's area

  Lesion: Frontal gaze palsy
• Frontal eye field lesion

  • Eyes towards the lesion
• Paralysis


  Opposite to the involved hemisphere
• Gaze


  Towards the lesion (ipsilateral)
• CSF


  • Provides mech support (cushions brain)
  • Control brain excitability by regulating ionic composition
  • Aids in exchange of nutrients and removes waste products
• CSF flow


  1. Foramen of Monroe/ Interventricular foramen

  2. Third ventricle

  3. Choroid plexus

  4. Lateral ventricles (2)

  5. Sylvian aqueduct/cerebral aqueduct/ITER

  6. Fourth ventricle

  7. Foramen of Magendie (1) Foramen of Luschka (2)

  8. Subarachnoid space

  9. Arachnoid villi (site where the CSF diffuses into the bloodstream)

  10. Dural venous sinuses superior sagittal sinus
• Intracranial Pressure


  1. 4-15 mmHg (Paz)/5-20 mmHg (Sullivan)
• SELECTIVE restriction of blood borne sub from entering the CNS