GENSOC - LESSON 2

• SOGIE


  An acronym for sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression. Everyone has a sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression.
• LGBTQ


  An acronym for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and/or questioning. It is not only intended for LGBTQ+ people but for each individual. It covers a spectrum of sexuality and orientation for each human being.
• Sex


  Refers to a person's physical characteristics at birth.
• Gender


  Encompasses a person's identities, expressions, and societal roles.
• Sex characteristics


  • Male - a person with XY chromosomes and has male reproductive and sex organs
  • Female - a person with XX chromosomes and has female reproductive and sex organs
  • Intersex - a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive and sexual anatomy that doesn't fit the definitions of male and female
• Sexual orientation


  Refers to a person's sexual and emotional attraction to another.
• Gender identity


  It refers to a person's internal experiences and identification of gender which may or may not correspond to the sex assigned at birth.
• Cisgender


  Who identifies himself/herself as the sex they were born with.
• Genderqueer


  It refers to a person who does not identify themselves belong to conventional binary categories (Male or Female).
• Transgender


  Transwomen, Transmen are individuals that identify themselves differently from the sex she/he was born with.
• Transsexual


  Who has undergone sex change surgery (or is going to and is in the process of physical change) to match their gender identity.
• Gender expression


  The presentation of an individual, including physical appearance, clothing choice, and behaviors that express aspects of gender identity or role. Gender Expression may or may not conform to a person's identity.
• Gender expression


  • Masculine - a person who has qualities and characteristics which are traditionally associated with men
  • Feminine - a person who has qualities and characteristics that are traditionally associated with a woman
• Gender neutral


  A person whose qualities and characteristics differ from those that are traditionally associated with a man or a woman.
• Androgynous


  A person whose qualities and characteristics are a combination of those traditionally associated with a man and a woman.
• Gender as a social construction


  Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls, and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviors, and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl, or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.
• Aspects of gender that are socially constructed

  • Gender binary - the idea that there are only 2 opposite types of people: male-bodied people who are masculine, and female-bodied people who are feminine
  • What it means for men to be masculine - Boys are not born with an inborn desire for football and the color blue, those characteristics are socially learned
  • What it means for men to be feminine - Girls are not born with an inborn desire for ballet and the color pink, those characteristics are socially learned
  • Patriarchal societies - Men experience privilege and hold the majority of power in society
  • Matriarchal societies - Women experience privilege and hold the majority of power in society
• Gender socialization


  It is the process by which we learn our culture's gender-related rules, norms, and expectations. Through gender socialization, children begin to develop their own beliefs about gender and ultimately form their gender identity.
• Agents of gender socialization

  • Parents - Parents are typically a child's first source of information about gender. Starting at birth, parents communicate different expectations to their children depending on their sex.
  • Teachers - Teachers and school administrators model gender roles and sometimes demonstrate gender stereotypes by responding to male and female students in different ways
  • Peers - Peer interactions also contribute to gender socialization. Children tend to play with same-gender peers. Through these interactions, they learn what their peers expect of them as boys or girls.
  • Media - Media, including movies, TV, and books, teach children about what it means to be a boy or a girl. Media conveys information about the role of gender in people's lives and can reinforce gender stereotypes.
• Gender socialization is a lifelong process. The belief about gender that we acquire in childhood can affect us throughout our lives.
• Structural functionalism theory


  Viewing the family as the most integral component of society, assumptions about gender roles within marriage assume a prominent place in this perspective. Men typically took care of responsibilities outside of the home, such as hunting, and women typically took care of the domestic responsibilities in or around the home. Women were often limited by the physical restraints of pregnancy and nursing and were unable to leave the home for long periods of time.
• Conflict theory


  Society is a struggle for dominance among social groups (like women versus men) that compete for scarce resources. We can view men as the dominant group and women as the subordinate group. According to conflict theory, social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups.
• Symbolic interactionism theory


  Understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role of symbols in human interaction. Discussion of masculinity and femininity. Meanings attached to symbols are socially created and not natural.
• Symbolic interactionism theory - Femininity and Masculinity

  • Femininity: affectionate, appreciative, emotional, friendly, sympathetic, mild, sensitive, etc.
  • Masculinity: Dominant, achievement-oriented, active, ambitious, forceful, self-confident, rational, tough, etc.
• Gender awareness


  It is the ability to view society from the perspective of gender roles.
• Gender sensitivity


  It is translating this awareness into the design of development policies, programs, and budgets.