Paper 1

• Rock types


  • Sedimentary
  • Igneous
  • Metamorphic
• Sedimentary rocks

  • Form in layers, less resistant to erosion, may contain fossils
• Igneous rocks

  • Formed from cooled magma, very resistant to erosion, contain crystals
• UK landscapes

  • Upland (northwest)
  • Lowland (southeast)
• Physical processes

  • Erosion
  • Transportation
  • Deposition
  • Weathering
• Erosion

  The wearing away and removal of sediment
• Transportation

  The movement of sediment
• Deposition

  When sediment is dropped
• Human activity affecting landscapes

  • Building settlements
  • Agriculture (farming)
  • Industry
• Metamorphic rocks

  • Formed under extreme heat and pressure from either sedimentary or igneous rocks
• Erosion processes

  • Abrasion
  • Attrition
  • Hydraulic action
  • Solution
• Transportation processes

  • Traction
  • Saltation
  • Suspension
  • Solution
• Deposition

  Happens when a river or the sea loses energy and drops the sediment
• Weathering types

  • Biological
  • Chemical
  • Mechanical
• River courses

  • Upper
  • Middle
  • Lower
• Source

  The start of a river
• Mouth


  The point where a river meets the sea or a lake
• Erosional features


  • V-shaped valleys
  • Interlocking spurs
  • Waterfalls/gorges
  • River cliffs
• Depositional features


  • Levees
  • Floodplains
  • Point-bar deposits
• Heavy or prolonged rain

  Causes flooding and increases the rate of erosion in rivers
• Human activity and changes in land


  Affect river processes and landforms
• River management methods


  • Hard engineering
  • Soft engineering
• Upper course of a river

  • Narrow with a steep gradient
• Lower course of a river

  • The widest part
• Fastest flow of a river

  On the outside bend of a meander which leads to greater energy and increased erosion
• Urbanisation


  Leads to flooding because it creates impermeable surfaces and increased surface run-off
• Agriculture and industry


  Can both increase and decrease the likelihood of flooding
• Hard engineering


  Expensive and long lasting forms of flood management, e.g. dams and channelisation
• Soft engineering


  Works with nature to prevent flood damage, e.g. floodplain zoning and washlands
• As you move further away from the Equator

  Earth receives less solar radiation
• There is a surplus of heat energy at the equator and a deficit at the poles
• There is more heat at the Equator and less at the Poles
• Circulation cells


  • Hadley cell
  • Ferrel cell
  • Polar cells
• Ocean currents also transfer heat from the Equator
• Gulf Stream / North Atlantic Drift

  A warm ocean current that comes from the Caribbean across the Atlantic Ocean towards the UK, making the UK warmer in winter and cooler in the summer
• Earth's climate has naturally changed over time, creating both warmer and colder periods
• The north is cooler than the south
• Drought


  An extreme lack of rainfall
• Drought is caused by

  Sinking air from the Hadley cell
• Drought can be caused by

  Deforestation