Memory Models

• What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?

  sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
• What is encoding ?

  Conversion of information into visual, auditory and semantic codes
• What is storage ?

  Refers to retention of information over a period of time
• What is retrieval ?

  Recovering the stored information successful retrieval on previous experiences and how well encoded it was
• What is chunking ?

  Organising large volume of information
• What is the short term memory store ?

  Receives information and holds it for a short time less 1 second

  If info is deemed unimportant its lost and replaced
• What is selective attention ?

  Filter information - avoids information overload
• What is short term memory ?

  Brain keeps information for short period of time 20-30 seconds

  Can hold between 5 - 9 separate items
• What is long term memory ?

  Once in long term memory it remains for a significant length of time

  Unlimited capacity
• What is coding ?

  Movement patterns can be stored in LTM as motor programs and used by performers when needed during practice

  Coach should offer praise and reinforcement because we tend to remember pleasant experiences
• What are the advantages of the Atkinson and shiffens multi-story model ?

  Simplifies the memory process

  Explains how those with Brain damage have dysfunctional memory / amnesia
• What are the disadvantages of the Atkinson and Shiffren's multi-story model ?

  To simple - doesn't explain why we remember different sort of information

  Doesn't prove distinct between STM / LTM and interaction between them
• What is the craik and lockhart's level of processing ?

  Focuses on the process involved

  Information that determines weather information 'sticks' deeper the processing longer memory
• What is the structural level ?

  Information encoded on the basis of its physical qualities
• What is the phonetic level ?

  Information encoded through sound
• What is shallow ?

  Maintenance rehearsal and leads to STM retention of information
• What is deep ?

  Elaborate rehearsal - meaningful analysis of information and leads to a better recall
• What is the semantic level ?

  Information process by encoding the meaning of a word and relates it to a similar words with similar meaning
• What are the advantages of the craik and lockharts level of processing ?

  Explains that if we understand the info then we are likely to remember it

  Explains well that the longer we considered and analyse info more we remember it.
• What are the disadvantages of the craik and Lockhart level of processing ?

  Longer it takes to process may not lead to better recall

  'Deep' is difficult to define what it includes

  Doesn't consider individual differences
• Ways to improve memory ?

  Rehearsal

  Meaningfulness

  Association

  Avoiding overload

  Organising information

  Mental imagery
• What is rehearsal ?

  This can be useful for retrieval of intimation in both their short and long term memory
• What is an example of rehearsal ?

  Coach may encourage the rehearsal of a tennis serve both mental and physical
• What is meaningfulness ?

  More information is seen as relevant to our needs the more likely we are to remember it
• What is an example of meaningfulness ?

  Coach may explain a concept in a way the performer can relate to it better
• What is association ?

  If new information in linked somehow to old information it's more likely to be remembered
• What is an example of association?

  Coach may present some new information but link it to an old skill set to increase retention
• What is avoiding overload ?

  Any new information needs to sink in
• What is an example to avoiding overload ?

  Coach should only present small amount of information at a time
• What is organising information ?

  Chunking can expand the STM store. Complex pieces should be grouped to aid understanding
• What is an example of organising information ?

  Coach may group complex pieces into smaller sub routines
• What is mental imagery ?

  Performers will often remember a visual representation for more than verbal
• What is an example of mental imagery ?

  Visual representation will often be retained far easier