Paper 2

• This video will cover urban issues, changing economic world, and resource management
• Urbanization


  More people moving into towns and cities
• In 2007, the UN announced that more than 50% of the world's population live in urban areas
• Causes of urbanization


  • Rural to urban migration
  • Natural increase (birth rate exceeding death rate)
• Mega city


  An urban area with 10 million people living there
• Millionaire city


  A city with 1 million people
• World city


  A city that has financial or worldwide importance
• More than two-thirds of current mega-cities are located in NEs and LICs, with the biggest growing ones in Brazil and Nigeria
• Keywords to familiarize with

  • Integrated transport system
  • Brownfield sites
  • Greenbelt land
  • Regeneration
• Ways to generate sustainable urban living

  • Water conservation
  • Energy conservation
  • Waste recycling
  • Creating green space
• Tempo housing in Lagos


  • Made from recycled shipping containers
  • 25% cheaper than conventional homes
  • Provides jobs in the formal sector
  • Concerns about heat conduction and loss of community
• Urban areas have


  Environmental, economic, and social problems due to traffic
• Solutions to urban traffic problems

  • Widening roads
  • Building ring roads and bypasses
  • Introducing congestion charges
  • Using articulated buses (Curitiba)
• London as a major UK city


  • Located in southeast England
  • Grown due to trade and the docks
  • UK's wealthiest and largest capital city
  • Renowned for education and universities
• Opportunities in London


  • Gentrification in Notting Hill
  • Crossrail bringing more people within 45-minute journey
  • Urban greening and protecting green space
• Challenges in London


  • Gentrification pricing out first-time buyers
  • High costs of urban greening projects
  • Cancellation of the Garden Bridge project
• London Docklands regeneration


  • Demolished and rebuilt the area
  • Brought in 2,700 new businesses
  • Spent on education
  • Outpriced local people who could no longer afford homes
• Lagos, Nigeria

  • Nigeria's largest city
  • Large amounts of natural increase and rural-urban migration
  • Around 60% live in informal housing
  • Lack of electricity, schools, and high illiteracy
• Opportunities in Lagos

  • 68% getting secondary education
  • Renowned international airport
  • Good rail and road links
  • Recycling of waste
• Challenges in Lagos


  • Water pollution
  • Air pollution
  • Land pollution
• Development


  Improving living standards through better access to resources
• Branches of development


  • Economic
  • Social
  • Environmental
• LICs, NEs, HICs


  Categories countries are grouped into based on level of development
• Economic indicators


  Measures focused on money, e.g. employment, GDP, income
• Social indicators


  Measures focused on social factors, e.g. mortality, literacy, life expectancy
• HDI (Human Development Index)


  Mixed indicator using both social and economic measures to rank countries
• Demographic Transition Model


  • Plots a country's development across 5 stages of changing birth and death rates
• Stages of Demographic Transition Model

  • Stage 1: High birth rate, high death rate, steady population
  • Stage 2: Birth rate dropping, death rate still high
  • Stage 3: Rapidly falling death rate, low birth rate, high population
  • Stage 4: Low death rate, low birth rate, steady population
  • Stage 5: Falling death rate, low birth rate, negative population growth
• Uneven development

  Development that is not the same everywhere, affected by physical and human factors
• Physical factors affecting uneven development

  • Access to natural resources
  • Climate
  • Natural hazards
  • Location
• Human factors affecting uneven development

  • Aid
  • Trade
  • Migration
• Physical factors


  Access to natural resources, climate, natural hazards, location
• Physical factors may be more significant in affecting uneven development
• Consequences of uneven development

  • Wealth, healthcare, migration, development gap
• Solutions to reducing the development gap

  • Microfinance loans
  • Aid
  • FDI
  • Debt relief
  • Fair trade
  • Technology
• Case study: Tourism in Tunisia


  • Benefiting from multiplier effect
  • Increased incomes and literacy rates
  • Challenged attitudes towards girls' education
• Case study: Nigeria


  • Political, social, cultural, and industrial influences on development
• Role of TNCs


  Investing and employing, but also leakage of profits and environmental damage
• Aid is failing to reach those who need it most due to corruption
• UK as a HIC

  • Post-industrial economy, exporting more, importing more, development of science parks, car industry