bio t2

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Cards (100)

What are the 2 main types of organism?
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
What cells are eukaryotic?
Animal, plant, algal, fungal
Name the 11 organelles in an animal cell
1. Cell surface membrane
2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
4. Lysosome
5. Ribosome
6. Golgi apparatus
7. Mitochondria
8. Nuclear envelope
9, nucleolus
10. Nucleus
11. Cytoplasm
Name the 14 organelles in a plant cell
1. Cell surface membrane
2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
3. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
4. Lysosome
5. Ribosome
6. Golgi apparatus
7. Mitochondria
8. Nuclear envelope
9, nucleolus
10. Nucleus
11. Cytoplasm
12. Cell wall
13. Vacuole
14. Chloroplasts
Name the difference between algal cells and plant cells
Chloroplasts are different shape and size
Name the two differences between plant cells and fungal cells
1. Fungal cell walls are made of chitin not cellulose
2. Fungal cells don't have chloroplasts
What is a cell membrane and what is it's function? 
The membrane found on surface of animal cells and inside cell wall of other cells made of lipids and proteins.
Regulates movement of substances into and out of cell & has receptor molecules which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
Describe the nucleus and it's function
Surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope and contains chromosomes and nucleolus.
Controls the cells activity by by controlling the transcription of DNA.
Nucleolus makes ribosomes
Describe mitochondria and it's function
Oval shape, double membrane- inner one is folded to form Cristae- inside is the matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration
The sit of aerobic respiration
Describe chloroplasts and their function
Small flattened structure surrounded by double membrane and has membranes inside called thylakoids. Thylakoids are stacked up to form grana which are linked together by lamellae.
- the site where photosynthesis takes place
Describe Golgi apparatus and it's function
A group of fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs. Vesicles often at edge of sacs
- processes and packages new lipids and proteins, also makes lysosomes
Describe Golgi vesicles and their function
Small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus
- stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell
Describe a lysosome? 
a membranous sac containing digestive enzymes that destroy debris and worn out organelles
Describe a ribosome and it's function
No membrane, Floats free or is attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum and is made up of proteins and RNA.
- the site where proteins are made
Describe rough endoplasmic reticulum and it's function
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space, surface covered with ribosomes.
- folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
Describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and it's function
System of membranes enclosing fluid filled space.
- synthesises and processes lipids
Describe the cell wall and it's function
Rigid structure surrounds cells in plants algae and fungi. Mainly made of cellulose and in fungi chitin
- supports cells and prevents them from changing shape
Describe the cell vacuole and it's function
Membrane bound, found in cytoplasm, contains cell sap (sugar and salts)
- keeps the cell rigid, involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell
Describe how epithelial cells are adapted for their function in the small intestine.
- finger like projections called villi increase surface area for absorption and the epithelial cells on the villi have folds in their membrane called microvilli which increases surface area even more.
- have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for the transport of digested food molecules into the cell
Describe how red blood cells are adapted for their function
Have no nucleus to make room for the oxygen carrying compound haemoglobin.
Describe how sperm cells are adapted for their function
Contain a lot of mitochondria to provide the large amount of energy they need to propel themselves towards an egg
In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, specialised cells are grouped together to form...
Tissue
What is a tissue?
A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function.
What is an organ? 
groups of tissues working together
What is an organ system? 
A group of organs working together
What are prokaryotes? 
Single celled organisms
Name 8 organelles in a prokaryotic cell
1. Cytoplasm
2. Ribosomes
3. Cell surface membrane
4. Cell wall
5. Capsule ( some)
6. Plasmids
7. Free floating dna
8. Flagellum (some)
Explain the steps of binary fission in prokaryotic cell replication
1, dna and plasmids replicate
2. Cell gets bigger and dna loops move to opposite poles
3. Cytoplasm begins to divide
4. Cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells are produced
Describe a virus. 
Acellular, non living, just nucleic acid surrounded by protein, invade cells and reproduce inside
Describe the structure of a virus.
Capsid(protein coat) with attachment proteins sticking out
What are the 5 steps in viral replication?
1. Virus attaches to host cell receptor proteins
2. Genetic material is released into host cell
3. Genetic material and proteins are replicated by host cell 'machinery'
4. Viral components assemble
5. Replicated viruses released from host cell
What is magnification? 
How much bigger the image is that the specimen
How would you calculate the magnification of an image that is 5mm side and the specimen is 0.05mm wide?
5mm/0.05 = x100
How do you calculate the size of an image?
Magnification x size of object
How do you calculate the size of the real object?
Size of image/ magnification
What is resolution? 
How detailed the image is - how well a microscope distinguishes between 2 points that are close together
How do optical microscopes form an image?
They use light to form an image
What is the maximum resolution of an optical microscope?
0.2 micrometers
What organelles could you view under an optical microscopes?
Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, nucleus (under 0.2 micrometers)
What is the maximum useful magnification of an optical microscope?
About x1500