host-microbe relationship

• pathogens: disease-causing microorganisms that can be spread from one person to another
• normal microbiota "body's flora": some microbiota protect the body from diseases, while some can infect the body and worse become contagious
• resistance : ability of the body to ward-off diseases or not be affected by changes in the environment
• tolerance: capacity of the body to endure subjection to different environmental conditions without reactions
• interferon: the ability of the body to resist, through various chemical means, encompasses barriers like skin, mucus membranes, cilia, stomach acid, and anti-microbial chemicals
• resident microbiota: inhabits sites for extended periods
• transient microbiota: inhabit temporarily
• protective role of microbiota: covering of binding sites prevents attachment, consumption of available nutrients, and production of compounds toxic to other bacteria
• when killed or suppressed by antibiotic treatment, pathogens may colonize and cause disease
• hygiene hypothesis: insufficient exposure to microbes can lead to allergies
• colonization: occurs when microbes establish themselves on the surface of the body
• infection: pathogen causing harm. can range from subclinical, with little-to-no symptoms, to infectious diseases that result in noticeable impairment
• Kinds of symptoms: subjective and objective
• subjective: experienced by the patient (pain or nausea)
• objective symptoms: seen by the naked eyes (rashes)
• Primary infection: initial infection
• secondary infection: occurs after primary the infection and the host is weakened
• types of pathogens: primary, opportunistic, virulence
• Primary type of pathogen: microbe or virus that cause disease in otherwise healthy individual
• opportunistic pathogen: causes disease only when body's innate or adaptive defenses are compromised
• virulence: the ability of a pathogen to cause disease in a host
• characteristics of infectious diseases: communicable and contagious
• communicable has the potential to infect
• contagious can be passed from one organism to another
• incubation period - illness - convalescence - recovery
• incubation period - illness (long lasting)
• incubation period - illness - convalescence - latency - recurrence
• local and systemic bacterial infection
• bacteremia: bacteria in blood
• toxemia: toxins in blood
• viremia: viruses in blood
• sepsis: potentially life-threatening condition caused by the body's response to an infection
• establishment of infection: entry of pathogen into host, establishment of infection, colonization, avoid host defenses, cause host damages
• invasion- breaking barriers
• portals of invasion: skin, mucus membranes, and by tricking our body's defenses
• adherence and colonization- target cell interaction, adherence, biofilm formation, target cell lysis
• avoiding host defenses- Hiding inside cells, dodging complement proteins, avoiding immune cells, evading antibodies
• in avoiding immune cells, microbes destroy signal cells release toxins, cover themselves, and escaping or blocking
• in evading antibodies, bacteria use enzymes in destroying antibodies, change appearance or mimmicry
• Endotoxins are specific because they are a type of lipid a which has specific infection sites