Psychology Key Words

• Obedience:

  A Type of Social Influence where someone acts in Response to a Direct Order from Authority
• Source (Social Impact Theory):

  The Person doing the Influencing
• Target (Social Impact Theory):

  The Person being Influenced
• Individualistic:

  For the Good of the Individual
• Collectivistic:

  For the Good of the Group
• Stereotypes:

  An Over-Generalisation which Ignores the Similarities between groups and Emphasises the Differences between them
• Prejudice:

  A Mental Attitude, often based on Stereotypes, which attributes Characterstics to an Individual based on their Membership of a Group or Category
• Discrimination:

  A Behaviour where someone Acts upon Prejudices so that individuals are treated on the basis of their Group Membership rather than their Individual Attributes
• Xenophobia:

  Prejudice against Foreigners
• Misogyny:

  Prejudice against Women
• Racism:

  Prejudice based on Race
• Homophobia:

  Prejudice against Homosexuals / those who are part of the LGBTQ+ Community
• Ableism:

  Prejudice against Disabled People
• Transphobia:

  Prejudice against those in the Trans Community
• Sexism:

  Prejudice based on Sex
• Social Categorisation (Social Identity Theory):

  Dividing people into the Ingroup and the Outgroup
• Social Identification (Social Identity Theory):

  People taking on the Roles, Behaviours and Attitudes of their Ingroup
• Social Comparison (Social Identitiy Theory):

  When the Group Division is deemed Relevant, the Ingroup and Outgroup are compared in a way where the Ingroup is always Better
• Social Norms:

  Unwritten Rules about How to Behave
• Encoding:

  The Format in which Information is Stored in Memory
• Storage:

  The Process of Holding Information in Memory
• Retrieval:

  The Process of Recalling Information
• Capacity:

  The Amount of Information that can be Held in a Memory Store
• Duration:

  The Length of Time Information can be Held in Memory
• Iconic Memory:

  Sensory Memory for Images
• Echoic Memory:

  Sensory Memory for Sounds
• Primacy Effect (Serial Position Curve):

  Items at the Start of the List are Recalled Better
• Recency Effect (Serial Position Curve):

  Items at the end of the List are Recalled Better as long as there is No Delay
• Declarative Memory:

  Memories that can be expressed in Words
• Procedural Memory:

  Muscle Memory
• Episodic Memory:

  Personal Experiences (Stories)
• Semantic Memory:

  General Factual Information
• Schemas (Tulving's Long Term Memory):

  The Categories that Facts fit into
• Schemas:

  Structures of Knoledge to help us Make Sense of the World
• Equilibrium (Schemas):

  Information that Fits with the Schema
• Disequilibrium (Schemas):

  Feeling of Unease because Information Does Not Fit with Schemas
• Assimilation (Schemas):

  Information Added to Existing Schemas
• Accommodation (Schemas):

  Schemas are Changed to allow for New Information
• Levelling (Schemas):

  Downplaying Details that Did Not Agree with our Schemas
• Sharpening (Schemas):

  Exaggerating Details that Agree with our Schemas, or Adding Details to make the Experience Agree with our Schemas