cellular energetics

• Enzyme structure: proteins comprised of amino acids linked together in one or more polypeptide chains

  
• Enzyme catalysis: A chemical reaction that requires the presence of an enzyme
• activation energy: the minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur, usually in the form of a catalyst
• Activation site: A region of the enzyme specific to the substrate.
• Environmental effect on enzyme function:

  1. pH
  2. temperature
  3. inhibitors
  4. concentration of enzyme
  5. concentration of substrate
• Substrate: A molecule that is used by an enzyme to carry out a reaction
• pH: a figure expressing the acidity or how basic a solution is on a logarithmic scale on which seven is neutral, lower values are more acidic, and higher values are more basic
• Inhibitors: chemicals that bind to enzymes and prevent them from attaching to a substrate
• cellular energy: the energy stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules
• Second law of thermodynamics: energy transfer increase
• energy coupling: energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system
• ATP: adenosine triphosphate
• ADP: adenosine diphosphate
• phosphorylation: adding a phosphate group to a molecule
• Endergonic: a reaction that requires energy to be absorbed for it to take place
• Exergonic: a reaction that releases free energy in the process of the reaction
• Catabolic: the breakdown of complex molecules
• Anabolic: the building of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy.
• Cellular respiration: The process by which organisms release energy from glucose
• Cellular respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O