SCIENCE C10

• Cell Theory: All living things are made up of one or more cells; The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes; and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Dna: a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
• Rna: ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
• Prokaryote: a microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria. (plant cell)
• Eukaryote: an organism whose cells have a true nucleus enclosed within nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles (animal cell)
• Nucleus: contains genetic material and controls cell activities.
• Nuclear membrane: A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell. It controls what enters and exits the nucleus.
• Cytoplasm: the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. It is a gel-like substance that suspends the organelles. It provides water and nutrients.
• Endoplasmic reticulum(ER): is a network of membranes that is involved in the synthesis and transport of liquids and proteins (nutrients and waste)
• Ribsosomes: Makes proteins from nucleus material. Ribosomes attached to the ER makes proteins destined for outside the cell. Ribosomes in the cytoplasm make proteins destined for the cell itself.
• Golgi body: A membrane-bound organelle that modifies and packages proteins for transport from the ER to the removal from the cell.
• Vesicle: A small fluid-filled sac that is used to transport substances from one part of the cell to another; it will eventually fuse with the cell membrane.
• Vacuole: Larger sacs that store water and nutrients; does not fuse with the cell membrane.
• Mitochondria: Converts stored energy into usable energy through cellular respiration.
• Cell membrane: A semi-permeable barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell
• Cell wall: A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support and protection. It is made out of cellulose.
• Large vacuole: Stores water and maintains turgor pressure.
• turgor: the pressure of water inside a cell that causes the cell to swell
• Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll, and contains DNA. It allows chlorophyll to absorb light energy in order to undergo photosynthesis.
• Histology: the study of the microscopic structure of tissues using a microscope.
• Tip: always keep lines horizontal while drawing biological creations.
• asexual reproduction: produces genetically identical offspring
• sexual reproduction: the process of producing offspring by thr fusion of two gametes (egg and sperm); offspring have genetic material from both parents
• cell division is the process of making new cells from existing cells. it is a vital part of growth and development
• diffusion: high concentration of solute to low concentration of solute
• nutrients and waste move through diffusion of in the cell
• water enters and leaves the cell through osmosis, diffusion and active transport
• cells needs to divide to ensure a high surface area to maximize diffusion of nutrients/waste and osmosis of water
• organism needs to repiar cells from damage or old age, this is called cell division
• cell cycle: the series of events that occur in a cell to produce a new cell
• interphase: the first phase in which the cell grows, performs its regular function and copies its genetics material for cell division
• g1 phase (first gap): cell grows and replicates its DNA, prepares for mitosis
• s phase: DNA replicates, chromosomes condense, and the cell grows
• g2 phase: the cell continues to grow and duplicate its DNA, but it stops dividing. the organelles are duplicated
• mitosis: a type of cell division in which the dna in the nucleus is divided
• prophase: the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane breaks down
• metaphase: chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell
• chromosome: a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
• anaphase: the third stage of cell division, between metaphase and telophase, during which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.
• telophase: the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. the nuclear membrane reforms