Pedigree

• A pedigree is a pictorial representation of how a trait is transmitted among the members of a family.
• A major challenge in pedigree analysis?

  is being able to collect substantial and accurate information regarding the history of a family with regard to a genetic condition.
• answer

  A) male

  B) female

  C) affected male

  D) affected female

  E) deceased

  F) proband

  G) carrier

  H) unknown sex

  I) mating

  J) consanguineous mating

  K) identical twins

  L) fraternal twins

  
• Use Roman numerals to represent the order of generations.
• Use Arabic digits to number the individuals from left to right every generation.
• Autosomal traits have their genes located on autosomes, which are the 44 chromosomes (22 pairs) common for both males and females.
• Relatively easier to identify because the affected individuals manifest the corresponding trait.

  Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
• Autosomal dominant traits have the tendency to not skip generations.
• Achondroplasia, an autosomal dominant condition, is characterized by

  impaired conversion of cartilage into bones during development.
• Marfan syndrome is a genetic condition that affects connective tissue, which provides support for the body and organs.

  autosomal dominant inheritance
• Analysis is relatively more challenging because individuals may have the allele but do not express them (i.e., carriers).

  Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
• Autosomal recessive traits have the tendency to skip generations.
• Affected individuals may have both unaffected parents

  Autosomal recessive Inheritance
• Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive condition that is characterized by the buildup of mucus in respiratory and digestive organs, which results in various other complications.
• Sickle cell anemia is a recessive mutation of the hemoglobin gene.
• Pedigree analysis was devised to observe and analyze how a trait runs in families. It uses a pedigree, a pictorial representation of the transmission of a characteristic in at least two generations of families.
• Individuals with an autosomal dominant trait usually have at least one affected parent.
• Individuals with an autosomal recessive trait usually have no affected parents. Although, still, there are cases when one parent is also affected
• answer

  A) HH

  B) HH

  C) HH

  D) hh

  E) Hh