Readings in Philippine History Midterms

• History - It is the branch of knowledge dealing with past events. a continuous, systematic narrative of past events as relating to a particular people, country, period, person, etc., usually written as a chronological account.
• Doctrina Christiana - title of the first ever book printed in the Philippines.
• The whole barangay, or family, joins in the worship called nagaanitos.
• Sucesos De Islas Filipinas - This book written by Antonio de Morga provided descriptions on how the Philippine Islands were rich, especially in gold and other valuable things. Before the Spanish arrival, locals were actively involved in gold mining and resource extraction.
• The Cabezas de Barangay formerly known as the datus, are in charge of gathering the taxes that must be paid to the encomendero.
• The Manila Galleon, a magnificent Spanish sailing vessel, emerged as the lifeline of trade between Manila and Acapulco. These vessels sailed with their precious cargo to Nueva España, returning to the Philippines laden not only with merchandise but also reinforcements of soldiers and supplies.
• Multiperspectivity - It is an analytical approach, invites us to explore historical events, personalities, cultures, and societies from myriad viewpoints, acknowledging the inherent subjectivity of historical interpretation.
• The First Cry of the Revolution in Pugad Lawin marked the beginning of the Philippine Revolution in 1896 which ultimately led to Philippine Independence in 1898.
• Dr. Pio Valenzuela - His account claimed that the first place of refuge of the Katipunan was in Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio Samson on August 26, 1896.
• Santiago Alvarez - According to him, The Supremo was worried of the possibilities that there might be a surprise attack at Balintawak boundary from the enemy, so he decided to move to a site called Bahay Toro. They arrived at the residence of Cabesang Melchora or Bahay Toro on August 23, 1896.
• After the tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their cedulas and shouted, “ Long live the Philippines! Long live the Katipunan ” .
• Katipuneros – which consisted of two groups, the Magdiwang (Bonifacio) and Magdalo (Aguinaldo) – were soon fighting each other over territory and logistics.
• In August of 1896, the first revolution started when Andres Bonifacio led the tearing of the cédulas, a legal paper for identification and a symbol of slavery to Spaniards.
• In an interview with the Sunday Tribune magazine, Guillermo Masangkay said that the First Cry happened in Balintawak on August 1896.
• Aguinaldo then invited Bonifacio to Cavite to officially resolve their differences and they decided to form a revolutionary government, also known as the pamahalaang paghihimagsik.
• Before the election started, Bonifacio spoke again by saying that everyone that would be elected by majority should be respected and recognized regardless of the degree of culture of each.
• This shows that the Magdalo Council never respected Bonfacio’s declaration that the election was voided and nulled. Magdalo also sent out troops to guard the Parish of Tanza while the oath taking is happening.
• Daniel Tirona - He declared that the position of Director of the Interior is a high-level position and it is not suitable for someone without a law degree to hold. He suggested that they protest the elected Andres Bonifacio to be the Director of the Interior and acclaimed and recruit Jose del Rosario, a lawyer in their province.
• Bonifacio pulled his revolver and was about to shoot Daniel Tirona but Vibora stopped Bonifacio before anything worse can happen. Andres Bonifacio spoke in a stern voice as people started to file out of the room: "I, as chairman of this assembly and as president of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, declare this assembly dissolved, and I annul all that has been approved and resolved.”
• Andres Bonifacio - He stated in his second letter that a number of Magdalo leaders had surrendered; and that the decisions of the Tejeros convention had been nullified.
• Santiago Alvarez revealed that Magdalo had their own meeting in their parish in Tanza. On March 27, 1897, those elected at the Tejeros Assembly were seen kneeling in front of a crucifix ̶holding their own oath taking without Andres Bonifacio who was also elected during the assembly.
• Negationism - The denial and distortion of the historical record. Also known as illegitimate revisionism.
• Ferdinand Marcos wanted to ensure that history would be kind to him by venturing in an ambitious historical project to write a multi - volume Philippine History under his name. The series was entitled Tadhana. This extremely long period was supposed to consist of 19 volumes. However, out of 19 volumes, only 3 were published.
• Operation Merdeka was led by General Eduardo Martelino of the Armed Forces of the Philippines who went to Sulu and Tawi - Tawi to recruit for a “Special Mission”. Young men ranging from eleven (11) to sixty eight (68) people eagerly joined for the prospect of becoming part of the prestigious military that have a stable income.
• Enrile’s claim that Jabidah Massacre was “invented” by Ninoy.
• Jibin Arula - One of the members of the Jabidah Unit relayed a gruesome story of a massacre in which he was the lone survivor.
• “ Dalit sa Caluwalhatian sa Langit na Cararatnan ng mga Banal ”- It was a 42-stanza poem of the Cofradia de San Jose.
• Ocampo (2021) argued that Jose Rizal could not have written the poem since the poem was written in 1868 and it included the term “ Kalayaan ”. The term “ Kalayaan ” was found and used by Del Pilar in 1882. Furthermore, the term only appeared in the dictionary in 1889, when writings of Filipino revolutionaries had already popularized it.
• After Diego Silang was freed from imprisonment, he did not stop going against the Spaniards. He never surrendered, and instead he tried to conspire with the British Government, which resulted in our now-known Diego Silang's famous letter of revolt.
• Based on Hermenegildo Cruz book “ Kun Sino Ang Kumatha ”, where the first appearance of the poem in the year 1906, he noted that he got the poem from Gabriel Beato Francisco who got the poem from a certain Saturnino Raselis. A teacher in Majayjay in 1884 and a very close friend of Rizal who gave him a copy of this poem himself.
• Captain Figueroa was urged to negotiate with them regarding the tribute they should pay, which is to be in pearls, similar to what they had been providing to the king of Borney (Brunei).
• THE THREE SOCIAL CLASSES

  1. maharlica
  2. aliping namamahay
  3. aliping sa guiguilir
• THE THREE ACCOUNTS OF THE FIRST CRY OF REVOLUTION

  1.  Dr. Pio Valenzuela
  2. Santiago Alvarez
  3. Guillermo Masangkay
• THE FOUR STATEMENTS/ACCOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

  1. Jose Montero y Vidal
  2. Governor-General Rafael Izquierdo
  3. Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
  4. Edmund Plauchut
• TWO ACCOUNTS OF PHILIPPINES UNDER SPAIN

  1. Juan de Plasencia
  2. Antonio de Morga
• COUNTRIES INVOLVED IN MANILA-ACAPULCO TRADE

  1. Spain
  2. Mexico