Bio Q4

• 2 Types of Organisms in Plants Based on the Mode of Nutrition

  • Autotrophic Nutrition
  • Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Autotrophic Nutrition


  Plants and other photosynthetic organisms prepare their food with the help of sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide
• Heterotrophic Nutrition


  Animals cannot prepare their food, relying on other animals for nutrition
• 2 Types of Organisms

  • Autotrophs/Self Feeders
  • Heterotrophs
• Autotrophs/Self Feeders


  Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and chemicals to produce their food (e.g. Plants and Chemosynthetic bacteria)
• Heterotrophs


  Organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organisms (e.g. Animals and fungi)
• Photosynthesis


  Plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and glucose

  
• Macronutrients

  • Magnesium, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
• Filter-feeders


  Organisms that filter small food particles or organisms, obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in water (e.g. Aquatic animals, also called "suspension feeders" like whale and fish)
• Fluid-feeders


  Organisms that feed on fluids such as animal blood and nectar in plants, ingesting liquid nutrients (e.g. Insects, crustaceans, mollusks, annelids like head lice and aphids)
• Bulk-feeders


  Organisms that eat large pieces of food by using body parts like claws, tentacles, and teeth, eating relatively large amounts of food (e.g. Cats, snakes, lions)
• Ram Feeding


  Ingesting prey via the surrounding fluids, occurring when a fish swims over a prey item with its mouth open, engulfing preys in water (e.g. Whale shark and tunas)
• Esophagus


  A long tube connecting the mouth and the stomach, with a muscle layer undergoing peristaltic movement to pass food to the pharynx in 5-10 seconds

  
• Peristaltic Movement


  Automatic wave-like movement of the muscles that line the gastrointestinal tract, moving food from the throat to different parts of the body
• Pharynx (throat)


  Muscular tube in the middle of the neck that helps control breathing and digestion of food, where food stays for 2-6 hours with gastric juices
• Gastric Juices


  Made up of water, electrolytes, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus, breaking down food after swallowed in the stomach
• Parts of the Pharynx

  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Hypopharynx
• Nasopharynx


  Top of the nose, connecting the nose to the respiratory system
• Oropharynx


  Middle of the throat, containing tonsils and the base of the tongue, for air, food, and fluid
• Hypopharynx


  Bottom of the pharynx, regulating how food and air moves
• Accessory Organs


  • Liver
  • Pancreas
• Liver


  Produces bile
• Pancreas


  Regulates glucose level
• Parts of the Small Intestine

  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
• Duodenum


  Absorption of iron
• Jejunum


  Absorption of vitamin folic acid
• Ileum


  Most important site of absorption
• Small Intestine


  Breaking down of foods, absorbing nutrients needed by the body, and getting rid of unnecessary components
• Large Intestine


  Absorbs water and mineral salts from the undigested food materials, with the remaining nutrients forming feces
• Homeostasis


  The process living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival
• Claude Bernard introduced the theory of homeostasis in 1865
• Walter Cannon derived the term homeostasis from the Greek words "homios" and "histemi" meaning "similar" and "standing still"
• Stimuli


  Changes in the environment (internal and external) felt by an organism's senses, which are the sensitive part of physiology
• Response


  The behavior manifested by an organism as a result of internal and external stimuli
• Osmoregulation


  The regulation of the water and electrolytic balance in the body to maintain homeostasis
• Osmosis


  The process of passing of solvent from low to high concentration
• Rene Dutrochet first coined the term osmosis, describing endosmosis and exosmosis

  
• Types of Solutions


  • Hypertonic
  • Hypotonic
  • Isotonic
• Hypertonic


  More solute outside the cell, so more solvent will exit the cell than enter
• Hypotonic


  Higher concentration of solutes and solvent inside the cell than outside the cell