BOTANY LAB EXAM

• What is the function of the condensor?

  For concentrating light in the plane of the object being viewed.
• What are dissecting microscopes used for?

  For viewing objects that are too thick for light to pass through.
• Where do lateral roots originate from?

  Pericycle
• What does the cortex do in the root?


  Provides storage for food
• What is the difference between a dicot and a monocot, based on roots? (Dicot)

  Dicot roots contain xylem in the center and phloem surrounding it. Forming in an "X ". Roots are tap roots.
• What is the difference between a dicot and a monocot, based on roots? (Monocot)

  Monocot roots contain xylem and phloem in an alternate manner, forming a circle. Roots are fibrous.
• What is the region of maturation?

  Most of the cells of the primary tissues mature or differentiate in this region. Also known as the root-hair zone. Root hairs are also produced in this region.
• What is suberin?


  A fatty substance found primarily in the cell walls of cork and the Caspian strips of endodermal cells.
• Where is the pericycle located?

  Sandwiched between the endodermis and phloem
• What does the vascular cambium do for roots?

  Produces secondary tissues that function primarily in support and conduction.
• What tissue regulates the movement of water and dissolved substances into stele?


  Primary Xylem
• What do bud scales do?

  Cover the outside of buds, fall off when the bud tissue starts to grow
• What are lenticels?


  slightly raised, somewhat spongy groups of cells in the bark of woody plants; they permit gas exchange between the interior of a plant and the external atmosphere.
• What does the cortex and pith do for stems?

  Stores and manufactures food
• What does primary xylem and primary phloem do for stems?

  Primary xylem conducts water and minerals

  Primary phloem conducts food
• What does secondary xylem and secondary phloem do for stems?
• How are broad xylem rays created/made?
• What are axillary buds?


  (lateral bud) is an embryonic shoot located in the axil of a leaf. Each bud has the potential to form shoots, and may be specialized in producing either vegetative shoots (stems and branches) or reproductive shoots (flowers). Once formed, a bud may remain dormant for some time, or it may form a shoot immediately.
• How are vascular bundles arranged in a monocot stem?

  Scattered
• What is a cuticle?

  The fatty or waxy substance that coats a leaf epidermis called
• What is transfusion tissue?

  The tissue immediately surrounding at least part of the vascular bundles in the leaves of gymno-sperms, e.g. Pinus. Transfusion tissue is composed of tracheids (transfusion tracheids) with conspicuous *bordered pits , and parenchyma cells (transfusion parenchyma) containing tannin-like substances and sometimes starch. The main function of the transfusion tissue is believed to be the transport of materials between the vascular bundles and the mesophyll.
• What is the endodermis?

  A single layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue (stele) in roots and some stems; the calls have Casparian strips. Are impregnated with lignin and suberin.
• What is the function of the resin canal?


  To produce and transfer pine resin
• What plants are sunken stomata common in?

  Dessert plants or pine
• Where is the hypodermis in a pine leaf?

  Layers of cells immediately below the epidermis of leaves and stems.
• What is the function of the hypodermis?

  To form an extra protective layer or a water storage tissue.
• What is the difference between spongy and palisade mesophyll?

  PALISADE

  -Cells are tightly packed - in order to result to maximal absorption of Carbon Dioxide from the environment and for water distribution to be less energy consuming.

  - Cells are vertically elongated.

  - Cells contain lots of chloroplast because they are directly under the shade of the sun - in order to result to photosynthesis.

  SPONGY

  - Cells are more rounded

  - Cells are not tightly packed

  - Cells have large intracellular air spaces

  - Cells contain fewer chloroplasts.
• What are stipules?


  Pair of leaf-life appendages on either side of the petiole
• What is agar?


  A gelatinous substance produced by certain red algae and also a few brown algae; it is often used as a culture medium, particularly for bacteria.
• What is a simple leaf?


  One in which the blade is not divided into leaflets
• What is a compound palmate leaf?

  Lobed or divided so that the main veins all converge at the junction of the leaf blade base and the petiole
• What is a compound pinnate leaf?


  Having secondary veins or leaflets diverging from the midrib, or rachis
• 5 microscope slides


  pointer will point at something, name that thing
• Label pages: 29,33,45,59,63


  Roots, smilax root, stems, leaves, pinus leaf
• tissue epidermis


  cell epidermis

  function: protection (keep things in/ out)

  alive at maturity

  
• tissue parenchyma


  cell parenchyma

  function: food storage (sugar, starch, oil)

  alive at maturity

  
• tissue sclerenchyma


  cell stone, cell fiber

  function: strength, support, structure

  dead at maturity

  
• tissue xylem


  vessel cell, tracheid cell

  function: transport water from roots to leaves for photosynthesis

  dead at maturity

  
• tissue phloem


  sieve tube member cell, companion cell

  function: carry liquid food

  alive at maturity

  
• tissue meristematic


  apical meristem cell

  function: growth by mitosis

  alive at maturity