Supplementary notes on NDD & NCD

• Neurodevelopment Disorders


  Emerge in the developmental period of life; conditions that affect how the brain functions
• Neurodevelopment Disorders


  • Learning disorders (dyscalculia, dyslexia, aphasia/dysphasia)
  • ADD, ADHD, ASD
• Neurocognitive Disorders


  Acquired during the life span; decreased mental functions due to a medical disease other than psychiatric illness
• Neurocognitive Disorders


  • Dementia
  • Parkinson's Disease
  • Delirium
• Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability


  • Significantly below average intellectual functioning (IQ less than 70)
  • Onset: before age 18
• Reference to Miracle in Cell No.7 (3 versions: Filipino, South Korean, Turkish)
• Etiology of Intellectual Disability

  • Down's syndrome: chromosomal trisomy (47 instead of 46 chromosomes)
  • Fragile x-syndrome (mutation in fMR:gene or the x-chromosome)
  • Recessive gene disease; phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • Maternal infection disease, especially during the 1st trimester of pregnancy (e.g.,HIV, rubella/german measles, syphilis)
  • Brain injuries from falls or vehicular accidents
  • Lead or mercury poisoning
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ: William Stern)

  Mental Age/Chronological Age X 100
• Levels of Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability

  • 50-70: below average
  • 40-35: mild mental retardation/intellectual disability
  • 35-30: moderate
  • 20-35: severe
  • Less than 20: profound
• Symptoms of Speech Sound Disorder

  • Leaving off sounds from words (e.g., saying "coo" instead of "school")
  • Adding sounds to words (e.g.,saying "puhlay" instead of "play")
• Symptoms of Social Communication Disorder

  • Persistent difficulties with the use of verbal and nonverbal language for social purposes
  • Concerns on responding to others (inappropriate responses in conversation: greetings, sharing information)
  • Concerns on asking relevant question
  • Concerns on adjusting speech to fit different people at different circumstances
  • Concerns on staying on topic