DSF

• Genetics is the study of heredity and variation
• Heredity is the transmission or inheritance of traits
• Traits is the seen or unseen characteristics
• Traits has 2 type : Genotype and Phenotype
• Genotype: determined by the information that genes contain
• Phenotype: visible traits
• Genes: unit of inheritance and the biological code
• "Genos" : meaning "offspring" "race" "Stock"
• Variation: the differences of things
• Gregor Johann Mendel is the father of genetics
• Cell: Is the smallest structure and functional unit of an organism
• Unicecullar: one or single cell

  Multicellular: numerous cell
• Cell membrane or Plasma membrane: It is a selectively

  permeable membrane of the cells, which is composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins.
• Nucleus : control center of the cellular

  activities
• Cytoplasm: They are jelly-like substances, found between the cell membrane and nucleus.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum:They are the transport system of the cell, involved in transporting materials throughout the cell.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – They are

  composed of cisternae, tubules, and vesicles, which

  are found throughout the cell and are involved in

  protein manufacture.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – They are the

  storage organelle, associated with the production of

  lipids, steroids, and also responsible for detoxifying

  the cell.
• Mitochondria : are the

  powerhouse of the cell,
• Golgi Apparatus: packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.
• Lysosomes: breaking down waste materials and cellular debris,
• Ribosomes: are tiny structures that are responsible for protein synthesis, translating genetic information from RNA into proteins.
• Centrioles

  The centrioles are cylindrical structures found in animal cells.
• Vacuoles are mostly defined as storage

  bubbles of irregular shapes which are found

  in cells.
• Cell Division

  Is a process of reproducing cells.
• Original cell : Parent cell
• More cell : Daughter cell
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid - controls all cell activities
• Long thread-like DNA- chromatic
• Doubled, coil DNA - chromosomes
• chromatid -  one of the two identical halves of a chromosome
• centromere - place where the cell's spindle fibers attach
• The cell cycle : Interphase and M phase
• Interphase - is the longer stage
• Interphase stages:

  First gap phase

  synthesis phase

  second gap phase
• G1 - cell grows larger
• S phase - synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA
• G2 - the grows more and makes protein and organelles
• Mitosis - known as M phase
• Mitosis - it divides the cell to make 2 new cell