CIAPEAR

• Kinship


  Humans as a part of a family, which is the smallest unit of society
• Family


  A social and economic unit that consists of one or more parents and their children
• Kinship by blood


  • It involves people who are directly related
  • A child automatically becomes a member of either the mother's or father's group upon birth
• Types of unilineal descent

  • Matrilineal descent (female line, mother's lineage)
  • Patrilineal descent (male line, father's lineage)
• Matrilineal descent


  • Inheritance and family names being passed down through the female line
• Patrilineal descent


  • Passing down of name and inheritance through the male line
  • Male offspring usually inherit family property and titles
  • Female offspring may join another family through marriage, carrying on their husband's lineage
• Bilateral descent


  People can recognize and have relationships with relatives from both their mother's and father's sides
• Family


  • A socioeconomic unit
  • Can have parents who are not married
  • Can have one or more parents
  • Can have parents with same gender
  • Should have at least one child
• Types of descent


  • Unilineal descent
  • Bilateral descent
• Kinship by marriage


  • Relationships created through marriage
  • The union establishes rights and responsibilities between the spouses and their children
• Types of families based on marriage system

  • Patrifocal (focused on father)
  • Matrifocal (focused on mother)
  • Monogamous (single couple and their children)
  • Polygamous (polyandry - woman marries several men, polygyny - man marries several women)
  • Extended family (several married couples and their children in one household)
  • Reconstituted family (current spouses were previously married and had children)
• Post-marital residency rules


  • Patrilocal (woman transfers to husband's family residence)
  • Matrilocal (man transfers to wife's family residence)
  • Avunculocal (couple raises children in husband's family, then children move to mother's brother's household)
  • Neolocal (couple creates their own new household)
  • Natalocal (couple arranges meetings as not living together)
  • Ambilocal (couple chooses to live with wife's or husband's family)
• Transnational families


  Practice alternative residency patterns based on economic reasons like job offers, education, job placement
• Types of kinship


  • Descent system (blood relations)
  • Affine (relations through marriage)
  • Fictive kinship (relationships by attribution, not birth/marriage)
• Lineal descent


  • Ascendants (related to ancestors)
  • Descendants (blood relatives in direct line)
• Collateral descent


  Relatives like uncles, aunts, cousins
• Types of fictive kinship

  • Adoption (assuming parenting of another person's child)
  • Figurative usage (bond of kinship without birth/marriage)
  • Ritual kinship (like godparenthood)
• When analysing markets, a range of assumptions are made about the rationality of economic agents involved in the transactions
• The Wealth of Nations was written

  1776
• Rational


  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Consumers act rationally by


  Maximising their utility
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• Groups assumed to act rationally


  • Consumers
  • Producers
  • Workers
  • Governments
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• Marginal utility


  The additional utility (satisfaction) gained from the consumption of an additional product
• If you add up marginal utility for each unit you get total utility
• Constitutions


  Foundational documents that outline the structure of government, the rights and responsibilities of citizens, and the limits of governmental power
• Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)


  Influence political processes by advocating for specific causes, providing services, and holding governments accountable
• Power


  The capability to influence and direct the actions of others. Without it, there would be no authority, leading to potential chaos and conflict in society
• Power isn't automatic; it must be obtained from various sources
• Legitimacy


  Having rightful authority, acknowledged by people through agreement or support, often seen in elections or appointments. This source of power comes from consensus
• Influence


  The ability to produce and control outcomes by using various methods. It's a source of power that might involve leadership qualities, skills, and the resources available to someone
• Authority


  The legitimate right to give orders and make decisions, often based on recognized superiority or control. This source of power comes from being seen as superior or having an established position of leadership
• Types of Authority (according to Max Weber)

  • Traditional
  • Charismatic
  • Rational-Legal
• Traditional Authority


  Authority is considered legitimate because it's based on long-standing traditions and customs. People accept the rights and power of individuals or groups without questioning them because it's how their society has always been governed. There's a strong emphasis on respecting and preserving old cultural beliefs and practices
• Charismatic Authority


  Authority is bestowed upon a person because of their personal charm or strong personality. Typically, this leader's mission and values inspire others
• Rational-Legal Authority


  A system in which an individual or governmental Institution exerts power based on a system of rules. The person who has power is appointed or elected by process
• Government


  The set of personnel who manages the affairs of the state in its act of allocating scarce values. Its existence is dictated by the political system that it revolves on