02 Becoming a Member of Society

• Enculturation/Socialization


  The process by which a human being, beginning at infancy, acquires personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, habits, beliefs, social skills, and accumulated knowledge of society through education and training for adult status appropriate to his or her social position
• Enculturation/socialization transforms a helpless infant into a more knowledgeable and cooperative member of society
• Enculturation/socialization is a lifelong process that starts at birth and ends at death
• Enculturation/socialization


  Individuals not only learn the values, norms, and skills of their culture, but also acquire a sense of who they are and where they belong
• Looking Glass Self Theory (Charles Horton Cooley)


  • A person's sense of self is actually derived from the perception of others as we perceive ourselves on how other people think of us
• Role-taking Theory (George Herbert Mead)


  • The development of social awareness is traced to our early social interaction
  • Out of social interaction, sense of self emerges, which is composed of the "Me" (perceptions of what other people think of us) and the "I" (the independent, spontaneous, and unpredictable side of ourselves)
• Agents of Socialization


  • Family
  • School
  • Peers
  • Mass Media
  • Workplace
• Conformity


  The act of exhibiting the same as the behavior of most other people in a society, group, etc.
• Deviance


  The recognized violation of cultural norms
• Social Control


  The set of means to ensure that people generally behave in expected and approved ways
• Internal Social Control


  The socialization process that developed within the individual as we do things when we know it is the right thing to do
• External Social Control


  Social sanctions or the system of rewards and punishments designated to encourage desired behavior
• Forms of Deviance

  • Innovation (rejecting the use of socially accepted means to achieve success)
• Human Dignity


  Something that can't be taken away, each and every person has value, are worthy of great respect, and must be free from slavery, manipulation, and exploitation
• Human dignity is the basis of fundamental human rights, is inviolable and must be respected and protected
• Human Rights


  Inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status, they are interrelated, interdependent, and indivisible
• Human rights are not a privilege, they are things you are allowed to be, do, or have, and they are there for your protection against people who might want to harm or hurt you, and to help us get along with each other and live in peace
• When human rights are not well-known or made known to people, abuses such as discrimination, intolerance, injustice, oppression, and slavery can arise
• The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights was signed in 1948 to provide a common understanding of what everyone's rights are, and forms the basis for a world built on freedom, justice, and peace
• The Common Good


  An undefined and undefinable concept, unless taken literally, in which case, its only possible meaning is the sum of the good of all the individual men involved
• “the common good” means 


  “the good of the majority”
• “the common good” means “the good of the majority”
• Forms of Deviance


  • Ritualism (rejecting the importance of success goals but continue to toil as conscientious and diligent workers)
• Forms of Deviance


  • Retreatism (withdrawal from the society and does not care about success)
• Forms of Deviance

  • Rebellion (attempts to change the goals and means of society)
• The Family


  has a major impact on us. Each one lays down our basic sense of self, forming our initial

  motivations, values, and beliefs.
• The School


  is a primary agent of socialization. Schools were able to contribute to self development by

  exposing us to people who are not our relatives, thus exposing us to new attitudes, values, and ways

  of looking at the world.
• The Peers (peer group)


  can ease the transition from adolescence to adult responsibilities for it offers

  young people an identity that supports some independence from their families
• Mass Media


  especially in the form of television, has become the primary source of information about

  the world, thus enabling us to view a wide range of role models and occupations.
• The Workplace 


  allows us to learn to behave properly within an occupation, at the same time, indicates

  that one has passed out adolescence stage.