INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS TO SOC SCI 13

• “Teaching is both an art and a science for it involves both knowing and doing.”
• There are 12 functions of teaching postulated by Louis E. Raths
• Act of Teaching are categorized into three groups: logical, strategic, and institutional acts, according to Greene
• Teaching is the pursuit of truth
• Instructing is central to teaching and involves giving reason, evidence, argument, and justifications which are related to the search for truth
• Indoctrinating is only concerned with transmitting beliefs
• Instructional processes are the necessary steps involved in the teaching-learning process.
• According to Klausmeier and Ripple (1971), there are ten (10) instructional processes.
• Clarifying Objectives


  Clear objectives of instruction facilitates goal -setting by the learner
• Motivating Students

  Motivation is essential for securing consistent pupil effort
• Supplying a Model


  Actual people, verbal descriptions of procedures, and representations by audiovisual means— facilitates the learning of responses that are new to the learner, or responses they have not yet made
• Sequencing the Subject Matter


  Order allows learners to understand information initially, think productively about it, remember it, and use it in new situations.
• Guiding Initial Trials


  This is important in the establishment of correct responses and the avoidance of habitual errors
• Managing Practice Effectively


  Constant correct practice that requires productive thinking and physical activity
• Providing for Individual Differences

  Provide tailored materials and activities for each individual to ensure goal attainment and efficient learning processes.
• Evaluating Student Performance


  Helps reinforce desirable learning. Informing student of their progress and aiding in overcoming errors facilitates learning as it provides encouragement to continue and eliminate inadequate or incorrect responses.
• Providing for Recall and Long-term Retention

  This can be achieved through systematic review of verbal material and spaced practiced of skills is essential
• Helping Students Apply Knowledge and Skills in New Situations

  This facilitates both long -term retention and use. (Real -world applications of theoretical knowledge)