HA PREFINALS

• Cardiovascular system


  Aka as Circulatory System, an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body

  
• Functions of the cardiovascular system


  • Provide nourishment
  • Help in fighting diseases
  • Stabilize temperature and pH
  • Maintain homeostasis
• Components of the cardiovascular system

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • About 5 liters of blood

  
• Heart


  A muscular pump that forces blood through a system of vessels made of arteries, veins and capillaries
• Location of the heart

  • Chest cavity
• Functions of the heart

  • Generate blood pressure
  • Route blood
  • Ensure one-way blood flow
  • Regulation of blood supply

  
• Size of the heart

  Size of a fist, hollow, cone-shaped heart has a mass of 250 to 350 grams-less than a pound
• The broad, flat base, or posterior surface, of the heart is about 9 cm wide and directed toward the right shoulder. The base extends vertically from the left second and fifth intercostal space and horizontally from the right edge of the sternum to the left midclavicular line. Its apex points inferiorly toward the left hip
• Mediastinum


  The central compartment of the thoracic cavity surrounded by loose connective tissue, as region that contains a group of structures within the thorax
• Precordium


  The part of the front of the chest wall that overlays the heart and the epigastrium
• The heart is positioned obliquely between the lungs in the mediastinum and lies in the pericardial cavity

  
• Layers of the pericardium

  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium
• Fibrous pericardium


  Layer of connective tissue that provides support and protection for the heart, with attachments to the diaphragm, the sternum, and the vertebral column

  
• Serous pericardium


  Contains the pericardial fluid, with two layers: parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium (epicardium)
• Layers of the heart

  • Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium

  
• Chambers of the heart

  • Right and Left Atrium
  • Right and Left Ventricle
• Valves of the heart

  • Tricuspid Valve
  • Bicuspid (Mitral valve)
  • Pulmonic Semilunar Valves
  • Aortic Semilunar Valves

  
• Chordae Tendineae


  Tendon-resembling fibrous cords of connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve in the heart

  
• Coronary system


  Circulation of blood that supply oxygen to the myocardium, including coronary arteries and coronary veins
• Sequence of the systemic circulation

  Not provided
• Components of the heart conduction system

  • Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
  • Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)
  • Bundle of His / Atrioventricular Bundle
  • Left and Right Bundle Branches
  • Purkinjie Fibers

  
• Phases of the electrocardiogram (ECG)

  • P wave
  • PR interval
  • QRS complex
  • ST segment
  • T Wave
  • QT interval
  • U wave

  
• Examples of arrhythmia


  • Not provided
• Electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG)


  Procedure that measures electrical signals in the heart

  
• Normal heart beat and sounds

  • 60-100 beats per minute
  • Lubb (S1)
  • Dubb (S2)
• Cardiac cycle


  The filling and emptying of heart chambers, with two phases: diastole (filling and relaxation of ventricles) and systole (emptying and contraction of ventricles)
• Cardiac output


  Volume of blood pumped by either ventricle per minute, calculated as stroke volume x heart rate
• Stroke volume


  Volume of blood pumped per ventricle each time the heart contracts, approximately 70mL per beat
• Heart rate


  Number of times the heart contracts per minute, 72 bpm for adults
• Points of auscultation


  • Aortic Area
  • Pulmonic Area
  • Erb's Point
  • Mitral (Apical Area)
  • Tricuspid Area
• How to auscultate
• Blood vessels


  Tubular structures carrying blood through tissues and organs, with functions including carrying blood, exchanging nutrients/waste/gases, transporting substances, regulating blood pressure, and directing blood flow

  
• Layers of blood vessels

  • Tunica Adventitia/Externa
  • Tunica Media
• Arteries


  Carry blood away from the heart, carrying oxygenated blood, classified as elastic, muscular, or arterioles
• Capillaries


  Extremely small blood vessels located within body tissues, where gas, nutrient, and fluid exchange occurs