Layers of the earth

• TRUE The deepest mines and wells in the world barely scratch the Earth's surface.
• TRUE The temperature within Earth increases with increasing depth.
• FALSE The relationship between Earth's depth and temperature is not inversely proportional.
• FALSE Each layer of the earth does not have different composition, with the least dense material at the center of the Earth.
• FALSE The continental crust is not made of dense rocks that contain iron and magnesium.
• FALSE Continental crust is not thickest under the oceans.
• TRUE Oceanic crust is thin and dense compared to continental crust.
• TRUE The mantle contains more iron and magnesium than oceanic crust does.
• TRUE The inner core is a dense ball of solid iron crystals.
• TRUE The Earth's magnetic field protects Earth from cosmic rays and charged particles from the sun.
• Geology


  The science that deals with the study of the Earth and its structures.
• Seismic waves


  Vibrations generated by an earthquake or volcanic eruption or explosion and propagated within the earth or along its surface.
• SEISMOMETER


  Instrument that measures the resulting P and S waves
• P WAVES


  Seismic wave that can travel through solid and liquid materials
• S WAVES


  Seismic wave that only travels through solids
• MOHO


  Boundary that separates the crust from the mantle
• ASTHENOSPHERE


  Plastic layer within the mantle
• TEMPERATURE


  Factor that causes the outer core to be in a liquid state
• MAGNETOSPHERE


  Outer part of the magnetic field that interacts with charged particles from the sun
• MANTLE


  Thickest layer of the Earth
• Geology


  The science that deals with the study of the Earth and its structure
• Temperature and pressure


  Increase with depth
• Pressure increase with depth


  • Due to the weight of the overlaying rocks
  • The high pressure squeezes the rocks and makes them much denser than surface rocks
• Temperature and depth

  Directly proportional
• Scientists get most of their evidence on the study of Earth's interior


  By analyzing earthquake waves
• Types of earthquake/seismic waves


  • P-waves/Primary compressional
  • S-waves/Secondary shear
  • Love waves
  • Rayleigh waves
• Love waves


  • Cause horizontal motion
• Rayleigh waves


  • Produce a rolling motion
  • Similar to ocean waves
  • Generated by the interaction of body waves with the Earth's topography
• Seismic waves


  Vibrations generated by an earthquake or volcanic eruption or explosion and propagated within the Earth or along its surface
• Seismometer


  Instrument that measures and records seismic waves
• Crust


  Outer layer of the Earth, thinner than the other layers, made mostly of elements of low mass
• Crustal rocks


  • Found under oceans and on land
• Oceanic crust


  • Crust under oceans, made of dense rocks containing iron and magnesium
• Continental crust


  • 4 times thicker than oceanic crust, thickest under mountains
• Mohorovicic discontinuity


  Boundary that separates the crust from the mantle
• Mantle


  Thick, middle layer in the solid part of the Earth, contains more iron and magnesium than the crust
• Mantle rocks

  • Peridotite
• Lithosphere


  Rigid layer made up of the crust and uppermost mantle
• Asthenosphere


  Plastic layer within the mantle, flows very slowly
• Upper and lower mantle


  Solid but hotter layers below the asthenosphere, high pressure prevents melting