Cognitive Psych

• Memory


  Models and Research Methods
• Processes in Memory


  1. Encoding

  2. Storage

  3. Retrieval
• Recall


  • Serial recall
  • Free recall
  • Cued recall
• Recognition


  Explicit memory tasks
• Implicit memory


  • Priming
  • Procedural memory
• Implicit Memory Tasks


  1. Participants are exposed to a word list

  2. After a delay, participants complete word puzzles without knowing it is a memory test
• Procedural Memory


  Knowing how to do something
• Procedural Memory


  • Ride a bike
  • Skateboard
• Methods to Assess Procedural Memory

  1. Rotary-pursuit task

  2. Mirror-tracing task
• Models of Memory


  • Atkinson & Shiffrin's three-stage model
  • Craik & Lockhart's level of processing model
  • Baddeley's working memory model
  • Tulving's multiple memory systems model
  • McClelland & Rumelhart's connectionist model
• Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) three-stage model

  Traditional model of memory

  
• Sperling's Results
• Averbach & Coriell (1961) Iconic Memory Research
• Iconic store or visual sensory register

  Holds visual information for 250 msec longer, pre-categorical, capacity up to 12 items, information fades quickly
• Econ or auditory sensory register

  Holds auditory information for 2-3 seconds longer to enable processing
• Short-Term Memory


  1. Attention

  2. Rehearsal

  3. Retrieval
• Miller (1956) research on short-term memory


  • Examined memory capacity, 7+/- 2 items or "chunks", chunking: organize input into larger units
• Long-Term Memory


  Capacity: thus far limitless, Duration: potentially permanent
• Bahrick's Research on Very Long-Term Memory
• Levels of Processing Model of Memory

  Craik & Lockhart (1972), deep processing leads to better memory, elaborating according to meaning leads to a strong memory, shallow processing emphasizes the physical features of the stimulus, the memory trace is fragile and quickly decays, distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal
• Craik & Tulving (1975) Support for Levels of Processing
• Craik & Tulving (1975) Results
• Self-Reference Effect


  Encoding with respect to oneself increases memory
• Baddeley's Working Memory Model

  Phonological Loop, Visuo-spatial sketch pad, Episodic buffer, Central executive
• Baddeley (1986) Working Memory Model Support
• Visuo-spatial sketch pad support
• Neuroscience and Working Memory
• Tulving's Multiple-Memory Systems Model


  Semantic memory: general knowledge, facts, definitions, historical dates, Episodic memory: event memories
• Nyberg, Cabeza, & Tulving (1996) Multiple-Memory Systems Model Support
• Connectionist Perspective


  Parallel distributed processing model, memory uses a network, meaning comes from patterns of activation across the entire network, spreading activation network model, supported by priming effects
• Amnesias


  Retrograde amnesia: loss of memory for events before trauma, Infantile amnesia: inability to recall events of young childhood, Anterograde amnesia: no memory for events after trauma
• Hippocampus and Memory


  Critical for integration and consolidation, essential for declarative memory, without the hippocampus only learning of skills, habits, simple conditioning, and priming can occur
• Alzheimer's Disease


  • Symptoms: memory loss, problems doing familiar tasks, problems with language, trouble knowing time/date/place, poor judgment, problems with abstract thinking, misplacing things, changes in mood/behavior/personality
  • Atrophy of cortical tissue, abnormal fibers and senile plaques, disruption of impulses in neurons