Lecture 5

• Martini de Goiti - defeated the combined forces of Rajah Sulayman, Rajah Matanda, and Lakandula in the Battle of Manila.
• Manila was chosen as the new capital of the Philippines in the late 16th century because of its wealth, population density, and favorable geographic characteristics
• Manila's favorable geographic characteristics: (1) proximity to China, (2) greater distance from enemies in the south, (3) having the Pasig River and Manila Bay
• During the Spanish period, Manila only referred to the settlement within the walls or Intramuros.
• Pueblos - towns outside the walls (Intramuros)
• Arrabeles - suburbs outside Manila and groups of pueblos
• Manila was developed following the design and features of many 16th-century European cities and capitals: It was a fortified settlement with walls (muros), citadels (baluartes), gates (puertas), and moats (fosos) which collectively formed the defense system of the city.
• Manila was developed following the design and features of many 16th-century European cities and capitals: The streets were paved with cobblestones to accommodate horse-drawn carriages and to make travel faster.
• Manila was developed by following the design and features of many 16th-century European cities and capitals: Institutions typically found in European cities, such as churches and schools, were built inside the city.
• Manila was developed following the design and features of many 16th-century European cities and capitals: Important government buildings were also located in the city, such as the governor’s palace (Palacio del Governador) and the city hall (Ayuntamiento).
• Palacio del Governador - governor's palace
• Ayuntamiento - city hall
• For a good part of the colonial period, only the Spanish had been allowed to reside in the Intramuros. Other groups were placed in Manila’s suburbs or arrabales.
• Baluartes - citadels kung saan nilalagay yung mga kanyon
• Spanish developed Manila as a capital due to its proximity to China to withdraw their golds and silvers
• Spanish had gates in Intramuros for a sense of security for the Spanish
• Tondo - fishermen's village, had a native population called indios
• Sampaloc - had several esteros, laundrymen's village
• Paco - had Japanese migrants who escaped the Tokugawa Shogunate
• Pueblo dilao - Paco
• Parian - had non-Christian Chinese
• Other Spanish cities - Vigan, Naga, Iloilo, Zamboanga
• Problems outside the major cities - had fewer people scattered in huge areas
• 1573 royal decree - issued by King Philip II which said that Spanish colonial towns should have three distinct characteristics: near the coast or river and have a port, have access to forests, follow a grid pattern
• Juan de Plasencia - proposed the reduccion system in a gathering of priests and friars called the Synod of Manila.
• Reduccion - a reconcentration scheme, which aimed to move the native population from their original barangays to the Spanish-built towns (pueblos)
• Purpose of reduccion - collect taxes efficiently, convert the non-Spanish to Catholicism faster, access the native manpower, police the movement of the people
• The reduccion was initially rejected by the natives because they refused to leave their lands due to their buried ancestors.
• Plaza - centerpieces of the towns
• Many natives relocated to the pueblos due to the convenience of plazas.
• Plaza - contained many essential buildings, such as government offices, the church, schools, marketplace, commercial establishments, and the hospital.
• The plaza was surrounded by the houses of the wealthiest residents.
• Fiestas - held in a huge open space found in the middle of the area.
• Reduccion and building of plazas became template in developing colonial towns across the archipelago.
• Those who remained in their original settlements were the taga-labas
• Peninsulares - full-blooded Spanish; born inside Spain or the Iberian Peninsula.
• Insulares - full-blooded Spanish; born outside Spain, particularly in the colonies.
• Filipinos - insulares in the Philippines
• Principalia - former nobles of barangay; natives.
• Principalia are described as native aristocracy for they maintained political power.