PHYLOGENY

Cards (35)

  • From the Greek word phylon which means “tribe” and genesis which
    means “origin”.
  • PHYLOGENY - It is the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms.
  • Phylogenetic Tree
    Label
    A) SISTER TAXA
    B) POLYTOMY
    C) BASAL TAXON
    D) BRANCH POINT
    E) ROOT
  • The point where spilt occurs
    BRANCH POINT
  • Lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched
    BASAL TAXON
  • SISTER TAXA - Point of two lineages stem from the same branch

  • POLYTOMY - Branch with more than two lineages

  • ROOT - Indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree

  • FOUR GROUPS OF EVOLUTIONARY TREE
    Monophyletic - is also called clade which shows common ancestor.
    Paraphyletic - group refers to recent common ancestor but not all descendants are included.
    Polyphyletic - group includes recent common ancestors are not included only distant relative.
    Soft polytomy - indicates more than two immediate descendants.
  • IDENTIFY THE GROUP OF EVOLUTIONARY TREE
    A) PARAPHYLETIC
    B) POLYPHYLETIC
    C) MONOPHYLETIC
    D) SOFT POLYTOMY
  • Analyze the phylogenetic tree
    A) K
    B) G
    C) TIP/TERMINAL NODE
    D) SISTER TAXA
    E) A and C
  • Fossil
    Used as evidence and basis for further classification of living things
  • Phylogeny
    The evolutionary history of a group of organisms
  • Phylon
    Greek word meaning "tribe"
  • Genesis
    Greek word meaning "origin"
  • Phylogenetic tree
    A map of evolutionary history
  • Rooted phylogenetic trees
    • Have single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor
  • Structures of phylogenetic tree
    • Tip or terminal node
    • Basal taxon
    • Sister taxa
    • Polytomy
    • Root
  • Branch point
    The point where a split occurs
  • Basal taxon
    Lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched
  • Polytomy
    A branch with more lineages
  • Root

    Shows that ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree
  • Groups of evolutionary tree
    • Monophyletic
    • Paraphyletic
    • Polyphyletic
    • Soft polytomy
  • Monophyletic group

    Also called a clade, shows common ancestor and all their descendent
  • Paraphyletic group

    Refers to recent common ancestor but not all descendent are included
  • Polyphyletic group

    Includes recent common ancestors are not included only distant relative
  • Soft polytomy
    Indicates that branching is unknown
  • BIOGEOGRAPHY
    It is concerned not only with habitation patterns but also with the factors responsible for variations in distribution.
  • EMBRYOLOGY
    The study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form, provides evidence for evolution as embryo formation in widely divergent groups of organisms tends to be conserved.
  • MOLECULAR EVIDENCE
    Some of the best evidence comes from examining the molecules and DNA found in all living things. Organisms of the same group should have the same DNA sequence for a specific protein structure.
  • COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
    The similarities in structures and anatomy between different organisms or animals to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone during evolution from common ancestors.
  • 3 TYPES OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
    1. Homologous
    2. Analogous
    3. Vestigial
  • HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE
    are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.
  • ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE
    are features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.
  • VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE
    structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor.