PHYLOGENY

• From the Greek word phylon which means “tribe” and genesis which

  means “origin”.
• PHYLOGENY - It is the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms.
• Phylogenetic Tree

  Label

  A) SISTER TAXA

  B) POLYTOMY

  C) BASAL TAXON

  D) BRANCH POINT

  E) ROOT

  
• The point where spilt occurs

  BRANCH POINT
• Lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched


  BASAL TAXON
• SISTER TAXA - Point of two lineages stem from the same branch

• POLYTOMY - Branch with more than two lineages

• ROOT - Indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree

• FOUR GROUPS OF EVOLUTIONARY TREE

  Monophyletic - is also called clade which shows common ancestor.

  Paraphyletic - group refers to recent common ancestor but not all descendants are included.

  Polyphyletic - group includes recent common ancestors are not included only distant relative.

  Soft polytomy - indicates more than two immediate descendants.
• IDENTIFY THE GROUP OF EVOLUTIONARY TREE

  A) PARAPHYLETIC

  B) POLYPHYLETIC

  C) MONOPHYLETIC

  D) SOFT POLYTOMY

  
• Analyze the phylogenetic tree

  A) K

  B) G

  C) TIP/TERMINAL NODE

  D) SISTER TAXA

  E) A and C

  
• Fossil


  Used as evidence and basis for further classification of living things
• Phylogeny


  The evolutionary history of a group of organisms
• Phylon


  Greek word meaning "tribe"
• Genesis


  Greek word meaning "origin"
• Phylogenetic tree


  A map of evolutionary history
• Rooted phylogenetic trees


  • Have single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor
• Structures of phylogenetic tree

  • Tip or terminal node
  • Basal taxon
  • Sister taxa
  • Polytomy
  • Root
• Branch point


  The point where a split occurs
• Basal taxon


  Lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched
• Polytomy


  A branch with more lineages
• Root


  Shows that ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree
• Groups of evolutionary tree

  • Monophyletic
  • Paraphyletic
  • Polyphyletic
  • Soft polytomy
• Monophyletic group


  Also called a clade, shows common ancestor and all their descendent
• Paraphyletic group


  Refers to recent common ancestor but not all descendent are included
• Polyphyletic group


  Includes recent common ancestors are not included only distant relative
• Soft polytomy


  Indicates that branching is unknown
• BIOGEOGRAPHY

  It is concerned not only with habitation patterns but also with the factors responsible for variations in distribution.
• EMBRYOLOGY

  The study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form, provides evidence for evolution as embryo formation in widely divergent groups of organisms tends to be conserved.
• MOLECULAR EVIDENCE

  Some of the best evidence comes from examining the molecules and DNA found in all living things. Organisms of the same group should have the same DNA sequence for a specific protein structure.
• COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

  The similarities in structures and anatomy between different organisms or animals to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone during evolution from common ancestors.
• 3 TYPES OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

  1. Homologous
  2. Analogous
  3. Vestigial
• HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURE

  are similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.
• ANALOGOUS STRUCTURE

  are features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.
• VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE

  structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor.