mixtures and seperation

• a mixture is a substance that contains two or more different elements or compounds that are not chemically combined
• a suspension is a mixture of two substances that seperate if the mixture is not stirred
• distillation is used to separate liquids with different boiling points by heating the mixture until it evaporates and then cooling the vapour so that only the lower boiling point component condenses back into a liquid
• filtration is used to separate solids from liquids by passing them through a filter paper
• chromatography is used to separate coloured components of a solution using a stationary phase (paper) and a mobile phase (solvent)
• chromatography separates out the individual components of a mixture using a stationary phase (paper) and a mobile phase (solvent)
• in chromatography, the solvent moves up the paper carrying the coloured spots which represent the different components of the mixture
• different compounds have different rates of movement along the paper due to their differing solubilities in the solvent
• when a sample is placed at the bottom of a piece of paper and a solvent is added, the solvent will move up the paper taking the dissolved substance with it
• the distance travelled by each spot on the paper depends on its relative solubility in the solvent
• evaporation is used to remove water from a solution leaving behind a solid residue
• a colloid is one substance dispersed in another substance and the two substances will not seperate easily
• an emulsifier prevents colloids from seperating
• soluble means that it can be dissolved in liquid, and insoluble means that it cannot be dissolved in liquid
• saturated means that the solution contains the most amount of solute that will dissolve in the solvent
• solubility is the amount of substance that dissolves in 100g of solvent
• solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solution, the substance that is being dissolved
• insoluble means that the substance cannot be dissolved in water
• solvent means the liquid that dissolves the solute
• precipitation is a reaction where an insoluble product is made(2 liquids forming a solid)
• conservation of mass is when the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products
• solubility can depend on temperature
• evaporation is when a liquid turns into a gas at the surface of the liquid
• boiling is when a liquid is turning into gas throughout the liquid
• different liquids have different boiling points
• paper chromatography can be used to find out which colours are mixed together in different paints, dyes and inks
• in paper chromatography, the solvent moves up the paper by capillary action