Intro to Psych 6-7

• Trial and Error Learning Theory


  Learning by making attempts and learning from mistakes
• Classical conditioning


  A learning process in which a naturally strong stimulus (e.g. food) is matched with an earlier impartial stimulus (e.g. a bell)
• Classical conditioning


  • It refers to a learning process in which a naturally strong stimulus (e.g. food) is matched with an earlier impartial stimulus (e.g. a bell)
  • It is also called as Pavlovian conditioning
• Concepts used in classical conditioning

  • Stimulus Generalization
  • Stimulus Discrimination
  • Extinction
  • Spontaneous Recovery
• Classical conditioning


  A kind of learning that involves involuntary behaviour, e.g. salivating and blushing
• Operant conditioning


  A type of learning that involves voluntary behaviour, where the behaviour is chosen because it will give pleasure
• Reinforcement


  The most important concept in Operant Conditioning
• Types of reinforcement


  • Primary Reinforcer
  • Secondary Reinforcer
  • Positive Reinforcer
  • Punishment
  • Punishment by application
  • Punishment by Removal
• Piaget's Theory on Cognitive Development


  • Focuses on how children understand right and wrong or how children differentiate the good from the bad
• Levels of morality in Kohlberg's theory

  • Pre-conventional Morality (right- reward, bad-punishment)
  • Conventional Morality (one must conform to norms and rules of society)
  • Post- conventional Morality (one does not readily conform and is able to reason out depending on one's own moral principles)
• Memory


  The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced
• Processes of memory


  • Encoding
  • Recording
  • Storage
  • Saving Information
  • Retrieval
  • Calling up stored information
• Stages of memory


  • Sensory memory
  • Short-Term Memory
  • Long-Term Memory
• Transfer from short-term memory to long-term memory
• Amnesia


  Partial or total loss of memory, resulting from different causes like brain injuries, strokes, alcoholism, etc.
• Types of memory


  • Personal-Fact Memory
  • General-Fact Memory
  • Implicit Memory
  • Explicit Memory
• Techniques to improve memory

  • Chunking and Memory Span
  • Imagery and Encoding
  • Elaboration and Encoding
  • Context and Retrieval
  • Organization
  • Practicing retrieval
  • PQRST Method (Preview, Question, Read, Self-Recitation and Test)
• Constructive memory processes


  • Simple Inferences
  • Stereotypes
  • Schemata