seeley anatomy and physiology

• Skeletal system: bones and joints
• Opposition


  Movement unique to the thumb and little finger where the tips are brought toward each other across the palm
• Reposition

  Returns the digits to the anatomical position
• Most movements are combinations of individual movements
• Sprain

  Forceful pulling apart of bones and ligament damage around a joint
• Separation

  Bones remain apart after joint injury
• Dislocation

  End of one bone pulled out of socket in ball-and-socket, ellipsoid, or pivot joint
• Hyperextension


  Abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion
• Combination of shoulder and elbow movements allows crawl stroke in swimming
• Aging effects on skeletal system and joints
• Bone matrix in older bones

  • More brittle due to decreased collagen production and relatively more mineral
  • Decreased amount due to slower formation by osteoblasts than breakdown by osteoclasts
• Bone mass

  Highest around age 30, men generally have denser bones than women
• Bone loss of 0.3-0.5% per year after age 35, can increase 10-fold in women after menopause
• Significant bone loss increases likelihood of osteoporosis
• Bone matrix

  The organic and inorganic components that make up bone
• Decreased collagen production in older bones

  Results in relatively more mineral and less collagen fibers, making the bone more brittle
• Decreased rate of matrix formation by osteoblasts compared to rate of matrix breakdown by osteoclasts with aging

  Decreases the amount of bone matrix
• Bone mass

  • Highest around age 30
  • Men generally have denser bones than women due to effects of testosterone and greater body weight
  • African-Americans and Latinos have higher bone masses than caucasians and Asians
• After age 35


  Both men and women experience a loss of bone of 0.3–0.5% a year
• After menopause in women

  Bone mass can be lost at a rate of 3–5% a year for approximately 5–7 years
• Significant loss of bone

  Increases the likelihood of bone fractures
• Loss of trabeculae

  Greatly increases the risk of fractures of the vertebrae
• Loss of bone and resulting fractures

  Can cause deformity, loss of height, pain, and stiffness
• Loss of bone from the jaws

  Can lead to tooth loss
• Changes in synovial joints have the greatest effect as a person ages
• Abduction

  Movement away from the median or midsagittal plane
• Adduction

  Movement toward the median plane
• Pronation

  Rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down
• Supination


  Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces up
• Eversion

  Turning the foot so that the plantar surface (bottom of the foot) faces laterally
• Inversion

  Turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces medially
• Rotation

  The turning of a structure around its long axis
• Medial rotation of the arm

  Brings the forearm against the anterior surface of the abdomen
• Lateral rotation of the arm

  Moves the forearm away from the body
• Circumduction

  The arm moves so that it traces a cone where the shoulder joint is at the cone's apex
• Protraction

  A movement in which a structure, such as the mandible, glides anteriorly
• Retraction


  The structure glides posteriorly
• Elevation


  Movement of a structure in a superior direction
• Depression


  Movement of a structure in an inferior direction
• Topics covered

  • pathologies
  • current research
  • sports medicine
  • exercise physiology
  • pharmacology
  • various clinical applications