Bacteriology-Introduction

• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek


  "first true microbiologist."
• Spontaneous Generation 


  States that life arises from non-living matter
• Biogenesis


  States that living cells could only arise from pre-existing living cells.
• Louis Pasteur


  He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation.
• Louis Pasteur


  -proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms, which is now called the aseptic technique

  -developed the vaccine against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885).

  -improved the wine-making processes by introducing the concept of “fermentation” and "pasteurization"
• Tyndallization


  form of sterilization in the 19th century that uses moist heat for three consecutive days to eradicate vegetative cells and endospores.
• Ignaz Semmelweis 


  He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of diseases.
• Joseph Lister


  -He introduced the system of antiseptic surgery.

  -Pioneered the use of PHENOL
• Germ Theory of Disease


  based on the concept that microorganisms can cause diseases.
• Robert Koch


  Pioneered Germ Theory of Disease
• Selman Waksman


  -discovered the streptomycin and neomycin antibiotics

  -Father of ANTIBIOTICS
• Alexander Fleming


  -He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin (Penicillium notatum).

  -He discovered the lysozyme.
• Paul Ehrlich


  He discovered salvarsan (arsphenamine) for the treatment of syphilis.
• Hans Christian Gram


  Introduced the Gram Stain
• Julius Richard Petri


  Introduces the use of petri dish
• Kary Mullis


  Developed PCR
• Endospores


  Based on the experiment of Cohn, what cellular structures are heat-resistant?
• Genotypic Characteristics 


  Refers to the organism’s genetic makeup
• Phenotypic Characteristics 


  It includes readily observable characteristics, such as the morphological features, H well u those traits that may require extensive analytical procedures.
• Biogroup


  population of species that share the same biochemical properties
• Serogroup


  serovar having similar antigens
• Strain


  An altered or a variant microorganism within the same species
• Carl Von Linné


  established the fundamental rules in binomial system or taxonomy
• Prokaryotes


  Do not contain true Nucleus, also do not contain organelles
• Cell envelope 


  Outermost structure of the bacterial cell
• Cell wall 


  -It serves as a point of anchorage for flagella

  -Itdetermines the staining characteristics of a species
• Peptidoglycan layer or Murein layer


  Cell wall is also referred to as
• N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-muramic acid


  Gram-positive cell wall consists of glycan chains of alternating
• Does not contain Teichoic acid


  Does Gram-negative cell wall contain or does not contain Teichoic acid?
• Lipid A


  It is an endotoxin that is a major component of Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)
• High


  Gram-negative bacteria resistance to lysozyme disruption? (High or Low)
• Mycolic Acid


  Acid-fast cell wall contains a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids called
• Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma


  Bacteria that does not have cell wall
• Plasma membrane


  -It is the deepest layer of the cell envelope

  -Site of respiration and photosynthesis
• Genome 


  -Consists of a single, circular chromosome

  -It appears as a diffused nucleoid or chromatin body that is attached to a mesosome
• Plasmid


  -It is an extrachromosomal, double-stranded element of DNA that is associated with

  virulence.

  -It serves as a site for the genes to encode for antibiotic resistance and toxin production.
• Large Plasmid


  -It is a kind of plasmid that is responsible for the production of B-lactamases that provide resistance to B-lactam antibiotics like penicillin and oxacillin
• Small Plasmid


  -It is a kind of plasmid that is resistant to tetracyclines and chloramphenicol
• Calcium dipicolinate


  Endospores are composed of
• Glycocalyx


  -It appears as a capsule or a slime layer.

  -It helps the bacteria in attaching to the surface of tissues or solid objects