Gen bio 2

• Types of Animal Reproduction

  • Sexual Reproduction
  • Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction


  The creation of new individuals whose genes all come from one parent without the fusion of egg and sperm
• Sexual Reproduction


  The creation of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes to form a zygote, which is diploid
• Asexual Reproduction


  • Enables animals living in isolation to produce offspring without locating mates
  • Can create numerous offspring in a short amount of time
• Sexual Reproduction


  • Increases genetic variability
  • May enhance the reproductive success of parents when environmental factors change relatively rapidly
• Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction

  • Fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Regeneration
• Fission


  The separation of a parent into two or more individuals of approximately equal size
• Budding


  New individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones
• Fragmentation


  The breaking of the body into several pieces, some or all of which develop into complete adults
• Regeneration


  The regrowth of lost body parts; usually accompanied with fragmentation
• Types of Fertilization


  • Internal Fertilization
  • External Fertilization
• Internal Fertilization


  The fusion of sperm and egg takes place inside the body
• External Fertilization


  Mating partners release eggs and sperm into the water simultaneously
• Reproductive Variations


  • Metagenesis
  • Parthenogenesis
  • Hermaphroditism
• Metagenesis


  Also known as 'transformation development', refers to an alternation of asexual and sexual generations
• Parthenogenesis


  Also known as 'virgin development', is a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into an adult animal
• Hermaphroditism


  Means that a single organism produces both eggs and sperm
• Parts of Male Reproductive System

  • Testes
  • Ducts
  • Glands
  • Penis
• Testes

  Consist of many highly coiled tubes (seminiferous tubules – where sperm form) surrounded by several layers of connective tissue
• Ducts

  From seminiferous tubules, the sperm pass into the epididymis
• Glands

  Three sets of accessory glands – the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands – add secretions to the semen, the fluid that is ejaculated
• Penis


  Composed of three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue derived from modified veins and capillaries
• Physiological Reactions in Human Sexual Response

  • Vasocongestion
  • Myotonia
• Phases of Human Sexual Response

  • Excitement Phase
  • Plateau Phase
  • Orgasm Phase
  • Resolution Phase
• Excitement Phase


  Preparation of penis and vagina for coitus (sexual intercourse)
• Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate
• Prostate cancer develops on the prostate gland
• Causes and Risk Factors of Prostate Cancer

  • Unknown
  • Age
  • Family history
  • Ethnicity
• Possible Signs of Prostate Cancer

  • Early Stage: No Symptoms
  • Frequent urination, especially at night
  • Difficulty starting or stopping urination
  • Weak urine flow
  • Blood in the urine (hematuria)
  • Pain in the lower back, hips, or pelvis
• Prostate cancer prevention involves maintaining a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise
• Prostate Cancer Treatments


  • Active surveillance
  • Surgery
  • Radiation therapy
  • Hormone therapy
  • Cryotherapy
  • HIFU (high-intensity focused ultrasound)