Biomolecules

• Four groups of molecules make up the building blocks of life. In general, they are called macromolecules (aka organic molecules aka biomolecules).
• Macromolecules are formed by polymerization, in which large polymers are built by joining small subunits called monomers together.
• Carbohydrate Structure

  made up of C, H, and O polysaccharides are polymers made up of monosaccharides, or simple sugars
• Carbohydrate Function

  organisms’ main source of immediate energy structural purposes
• the tough fiber found in plants is made up of the carb cellulose
• sugars end in - ose
• Example of simple sugar are, glucose, fructose, galactose.
• polysaccharide = many sugar units joined together
• complex sugar are call starch
• starch is used as an energy store by plants and animals.
• Glycogen is a complex sugar that stores energy in animal cells.
• Starch is stored in chloroplasts (plants) or cells (animals)
• Chitin is found in insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
• Cellulose is the main component of plant cell walls and provides structural support to the plant.
• lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like ether or chloroform
• Lipid is made up of C, H
• Lipids made up of glycerol and fatty acids
• Functional groups determine how a molecule will interact with other molecules.
• The methyl group, consisting of carbon bonded to hydrogen, is an area of non-polar in an organic molecule.
• dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion. Dehydration reactions are common processes, the reverse of a hydration reaction.
• Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile
• Peptides are short chains of two or three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
• Simple sugars, such as glucose, are the monomers of complex carbohydrates
• A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
• Monosaccharides- simple sugars- the most basic unit of a carbohydrate.
• Disaccharides- made up of two monosaccharide units which is joined by a glycosidic bond (bond that links a carbohydrate unit to another).
• Polysaccharides- composed of long chain of monosaccharide units.
• Starch- stored in plants
• Glycogen- found in animals and fungi
• Cellulose- major structural component of plant cell walls
• Complex of Carbohydrates are:Polymers of simple sugars
• Iodine Test for Starch- a positive result for the iodine test (starch is present) was a color change ranging from violet to black; a negative result (no starch) was the yellow color (no change) of the iodine solution
• Benedict’s Test- used to test simple carbohydrates

  Green- there would be 0.1-0.5% sugar in solution

  Yellow- 0.5- 1% sugar is present

  Orange- 1- 1.5% sugar is present

  Red- 1.5- 2% sugar is present

  Brick red- it means that more than 2% sugar is present in solution
• Benedict’s Test- used to test simple carbohydrates

  Green- there would be 0.1-0.5% sugar in solution

  Yellow- 0.5- 1% sugar is present

  Orange- 1- 1.5% sugar is present

  Red- 1.5- 2% sugar is present

  Brick red- it means that more than 2% sugar is present in solution