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• Language —refers to the grammar and other rules

  and norms that allow humans to make utterances and sounds in a way that others can understand,
• Functions of Language

  1. It can simply give information by description, by a statement of facts or by recorded data as

  accurately as words will allow. This is called the referential function of language.

  2. It can move or sway the emotions, attitudes and feelings. This referred to as the emotive

  function of language.

  3. It can attempt to influence actions and decisions.
• Communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person

  to another.
• root of the word “communication” in Latin is communicare, which means to share, or to make common.
• 1. Communication is a Process: Communication involves dynamic activities that are hard to describe because they constantly change. It emphasizes the interaction between participants and the process of understanding and sharing perspectives effectively.
• 2. Understanding: To understand is to perceive, interpret, and relate one's perception and interpretation to what is already known. Understanding words, concepts, and objects referred to in communication is crucial.
• 3. Sharing: Sharing in communication occurs when thoughts, feelings, ideas, or insights are conveyed to others. This can happen through interpersonal communication with others or intrapersonal communication with oneself.
• 4. Meaning: Communication involves sharing meaning. Understanding the shared meaning of words and concepts is essential for effective communication. Context and asking questions help uncover shared meanings and understand messages better
• Eight Essential Components of Communication

  1. Source
  2. Message
  3. Channel
  4. Receiver
  5. Feedback
  6. Environment
  7. Context
  8. Interference
• Source


  The creator and sender of the message
• Steps in the communication process for the source

  1. Determining the message

  2. Encoding it

  3. Presenting it to the audience

  4. Perceiving audience reaction for further clarification or support
• Message


  The stimulus or meaning produced by the source for the receiver
• Channel


  The medium through which the message travels between the source and receiver
• Channels

  • Verbal and non-verbal methods such as face-to-face conversations, speeches, telephone calls, written documents, emails, etc.
• Receiver


  The person who receives the message from the source and interprets it, sometimes in unintended ways
• Feedback


  The response from the receiver to the source, indicating how well the message was received
• Feedback allows clarification, agreement, disagreement, or suggestions for improvement
• Environment


  The physical and psychological atmosphere where communication occurs
• Context


  The setting, scene, and expectations of individuals involved in communication
• Context influences language, behavior, and interaction styles
• Interference


  Anything that blocks or changes the intended meaning of the message
• Types of interference

  • External - (e.g., car horns, distractions)
  • Internal - (e.g., psychological distractions)
• Interference affects encoding and decoding of messages and can disrupt the communication process
• 1. Transactional Model of Communication:

  • Communication is viewed as a dynamic and simultaneous process where both the source and receiver may send messages at the same time.
  • The distinction between source and receiver is blurred, and participants often play both roles simultaneously, especially in conversational turn-taking.
• 2. Constructivist Model of Communication:

  • Communication is seen as the construction of meaning through negotiation and shared interpretation.
  • Individuals construct their own interpretations of messages, leading to potential misunderstandings.
  • The focus is on negotiated meaning or common ground between communicators.
• Types of Communication

  • Intrapersonal Communication
  • Interpersonal Communication
• Intrapersonal Communication


  This takes place within a single person, often for the purpose of clarifying ideas or analyzing a situation. Sometimes, intrapersonal communication is undertaken in order to reflect upon or appreciate something. This range from simple thinking, meditating and reflecting to oneself or writing a memo.
• Interpersonal Communication


  This is a transactional process of exchanging messages and negotiating meaning to convey information and to establish maintained relationship. This level of communication is enhanced when the relationship exists over a long period of time.
• Dyadic Communication


  A fundamental unit of communication characterized by a face to face speaking situation where two people exchange ideas on a topic interesting to both or simply converse because they enjoy each other's company
• Small-Group Communication


  A collaborative and systematic sharing of ideas and information among three to eight persons in order to reach a consensus or a common solution to a problem, or to obtain facts
• Public Communication


  A speaker addressing a considerably large audience, requiring thorough preparation on the part of the speaker, involving a large group with a primarily one-way monologue style generating only minimal feedback
• Mass Communication


  A form of communication done through either printed or oral medium, utilizing the airwaves if oral, where the message reaches a very large audience instantaneously and simultaneously through electronic media
• Verbal communication uses either written or spoken language. Non-verbal communication makes use

  of non-linguistics symbols such as touch, sign language, facial expression, body language, tone

  of voice, clothing and artifacts.
• Ethical communication is fundamental to thoughtful decision-making and responsible

  thinking. It is about developing and nurturing relationships and building communities within and

  across contexts, cultures, channels and media. Ethical communication is also accepting

  responsibility for the messages you convey to others and the short-term or long-term

  consequences of your communication.
• Courtesy


  Also known as politeness
• Ways to demonstrate courtesy


  • Using politeness words and tones to show respect to the receiver of the message
  • Applying tact and diplomacy
  • Developing the "We" attitude using positive words instead of negative
  • Being considerate of the feeling of the receiver
  • Selecting gender-free terms
  • Responding promptly to important messages
• Clarity


  Involves correct word usage, grammar, pronunciation, sentence construction and delivery
• Conciseness


  Saying what needs to be said in as few words as possible. Avoid flowery words.
• Concreteness


  Being specific, providing examples when necessary to make a message more comprehensible
• Completeness


  To avoid ambiguity, message should not leave out important details that receiver expects to know