Gen Bio MA review

• Cell

  
• Prokaryotes

  Identify

  
• LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION


  • atoms
  • molecules
  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissue
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Organism
  • Population
  • Community
  • Ecosystem
  • Biosphere
• Biosphere


  Made up of all life on Earth, living things and non-living things
• Ecosystem


  Community of organisms interacting with their environment, linked by nutrient and energy cycle
• Community


  Interaction between different populations of species living in the same area with common characteristics
• Population


  Individuals of the same species living within bounds of a specific area
• Organism


  Individual living thing
• Organ systems


  Group of organs operating in larger function (same goal)
• Organs


  Body part doing specific function
• Tissues


  Composed of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a specialized function
• Organelles


  a sub-cellular structure with specific jobs that carry out cell functions
• Cell membrane


  Barrier of the cell, made of phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol
• Types of cells


  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
• Eukaryotes


  • Archaea
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Animals
  • Plants
• Prokaryotic cell structures


  • Fimbriae
  • Nucleoid region
  • Cell wall
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane
  • Capsule
  • Flagella
  • Bacterial chromosome
• Fimbriae


  Attachment structure of some prokaryotes for locomotion
• Flagella


  Locomotion of some bacteria
• Antibiotics


  Work by destroying the cell wall or plasma membrane of bacteria, exposing DNA which kills the cell
• Soap


  Destroys bacterial cell membrane, allows germs to be washed away
• Animal cell organelles


  • Cell membrane
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Centrosome
  • Vacuole
  • Mitochondrion
  • Nucleus
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosome
  • Lysosome
• Nucleus


  Houses DNA and protein, nucleolus produces ribosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum


  Connected to nucleus, rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER has no ribosomes and is where most cell metabolic processes occur
• Ribosomes


  Site for protein synthesis
• Golgi apparatus


  Synthesizes, organizes, sorts, and secretes cell products, receives, sorts, ships, and manufactures products
• Lysosome


  Digestive organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down macromolecules
• Mitochondrion


  Where cellular respiration occurs to produce ATP, has folded inner membrane (cristae) to increase surface area
• Centrosome


  Organizes microtubules, plays a role in cell division
• Cytoskeleton


  Network of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments that give structure and allow for organelle movement
• Microtubules


  Involved in mitosis, cell motility, intracellular transport, and cell structure
• Intermediate filaments


  Form a network in the cytoplasm, responsible for anchoring the nucleus within the cell
• Microfilaments


  Allow the cell to divide, provide structure and support
• Peroxisome


  Specialized metabolic compartment that uses oxygen to break down fatty acids
• Plasma membrane


  Phospholipid bilayer with various proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
• Cells need to maintain dynamic homeostasis
• Microfilaments


  • Allows cell to divide
  • Structure 3 support in cell
• Peroxisome


  • Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by single membrane
  • Uses oxygen
  • Has enzyme that breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules
  • Removes hydrogen atoms
• Cytoplasm


  • Fluid between all membrane 3 nucleus
  • Holds cell compartments & protects them from damage
• Cytosol


  Fluid part of cytoplasm where organelles are suspended
• Plasma membrane


  • Bilayer of phospholipids with various proteins
  • Glycoprotein: protein with carbohydrate attached
  • Glycolipid: lipid with carbohydrate attached
  • Peripheral membrane protein
  • Integral membrane proteins
  • Cholesterol
  • Protein channel
  • Cytoskeletal filaments