Rizals in the 19th Century

• Spanish colonial government in the Philippines

  • Centralized in form
  • Governed through Ministries of the Colonies established in Madrid in 1863
  • Exercising executive, legislative, judicial, and religious powers
• Governor-General


  • King's representative in all state and religious matters, exercised extensive powers
  • Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces
  • Vice Royal Patron over the religious affairs
  • Chief executive of the colonial government, ex-officio president of the Royal Audiencia
• Local government units


  • Provinces (alcaldias), headed by the alcalde mayor or provincial governor
  • Towns or pueblos, headed by a Gobernadorcillo (little governor) later called Capitan
  • Barrios or barangays, headed by a cabeza de barangay
• The alcalde mayor was considered the most corrupt government official then in the Philippines; he was the administrator, judge, and military commandant
• The Gobernadorcillo's position was honorary, no salary was given to him, but he was entitled to two pesos a month
• Spain carrying the Machiavellian policy of "Divide and Rule" for three hundred thirty-three years in our country
• The Filipinos lack of communication to unified the nation
• Dress code for men


  Stylized version of the Chinese shirt, cut along lines of the present-day barong tagalog and European trousers
• Dress code for women

  Traditional patadyong, but also came to wear the saya, which was topped by a loosed-sleeved camisa for less informal occasions
• The old men tied handkerchieves around their heads and drank basi
• Del Superior Gobierno


  The first paper introduced in the Philippines, printed in 1811 until 1812
• Classes of society


  • Peninsulares - Spaniard born in Spain
  • Insulares - Spaniard born in the Philippines
  • Principalia - Chinese mestizo
  • Indio - Filipinos
• Schools in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period

  • Not co-educational; the girls were separated from the boys
  • First college for boys was College of Manila, founded by the Jesuits in 1589
  • First college for girls was Colegio de Santa Potenciana, established in 1589
• University education in the colony


  • Colegio de San Ignacio turned into a university in 1621
  • University of Santo Tomas founded in 1611 by Fr. Miguel de Benavidez, a Dominican priest
• Tributo


  Economic development
• Polo


  Economic development
• Bandala


  Economic development