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• Tonic or ground note


  Sa (heard in the drone)
• Notes in Indian music

  • Sa
  • Re
  • Ma
  • Pa
  • Ni
  • Dha
  • Ga
• Tala


  A repeating rhythm pattern usually played by the tabla (small drums), usually has between six and sixteen beats, grouped into small sections, first beat is known as sam and marks the beginning and end of improvisations
• Talas are very complex, with over 100 existing but only 30 known and 10-12 commonly used
• Tintal


  • Most common tala, with sixteen beats (4+4+4+4) and four sections beginning on the 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th beats
• Drone


  A note held (or repeated) throughout a passage of music, usually the tonic note Sa, traditionally played on a tanpura
• There are two major traditions of classical Indian music: Hindustani (north Indian) and Carnatic (south Indian), which are fundamentally similar but differ in nomenclature and performance practice
• Other Indian musical styles

  • Popular Indian Films
  • Ghazals (poetic compositions about love)
  • Qawaalis (musical compositions about the love of man and woman for the divine)
• Indian musical instruments represent India's diversity and have evolved over centuries with unique histories
• India is one of the countries in Southeast Asia colonized by the British but was able to retain their culture
• The name India is derived from the Indus River, and the ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, "the people of the Indus"
• Indian music is one of the oldest unbroken musical traditions in the world, passed on from teacher to student by oral tradition
• Sangeet


  The basis for Indian music, a combination of vocal music, instrumental music, and dance
• Indian classical music


  • Monophonic in nature, based on a single melodic line played over a fixed drone, combination of raga (melodic form), tala (rhythmic form), and drone (sustained note)
• Raga


  Patterns of notes learned by imitation and memorization, different from a Western scale or melody but a combination of both, with a particular ascending and descending pattern and associated with a different time of day, season, mood, or special occasion
• Sargam


  The system used in Indian music to name the notes: Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni, Sa
• Rag Desh is a late evening raga associated with the monsoon season
• Indian musical instruments


  • Membranophones: Tabla, Bhaya, Mridanga
  • Chordophones: Kartal, Ghungroos, Sitar, Harmonium, Sarangi, Veena
  • Aerophones: Pungi
• Israel is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, defined as a Jewish and Democratic State, with a diverse culture stemming from the diversity of its population
• The Zionists who settled in what is now modern-day Israel in the 1880s were committed to the ideal of creating a nation state for Jews from all over the world, reviving the Hebrew language and creating a body of literature and a folk-song repertoire sung in Hebrew, known as Shirei eretz Israel (Songs of the Land of Israel)
• Most of the early Jewish settlers of Palestine in the late 19th and early 20th centuries came from Russia and other countries in Eastern Europe, and the songs of the land of Israel drew on Russian and Slavic ballads and Eastern European rhythms with the addition of new Hebrew lyrics
• Characteristics of Israeli music

  • Use of duple and compound meters
  • Often in minor keys
  • Occasional Arabic influence with use of modes outside the major/minor scale
  • Acoustic arrangements with simple accompaniment based on piano, guitar, and accordion
  • Lyrics often dealing with national themes and life in the holy land, glorifying the life, loves, and ideals of youths, and texts from the Bible
  • Distinctive style drawing on European tonality but coloring it with Mizrachi-eastern or exotic sounds
• Other musical forms found in Israeli music

  • Klezmer (Israeli folk music with lyrics translated from Yiddish or new Hebrew words)
  • Muzika Mizrahit (combination of eastern and western elements)
  • Jewish Yemenite music (music of ancient Hebrews usually performed in a window-lined room at the top of the house)
  • Bouzouki (Greek-style music translated into Hebrew)
• Musical instruments in Israeli music

  • Shofar (a musical instrument made from a ram's horn)
  • Sistrum (a percussion instrument originally from ancient Egypt)
  • Psaltery (10-stringed lute)
  • Birch (two circular concave plates of brass or other metal)
  • Kinnor (the Hebrew name for an ancient stringed instrument, a member of the zither family and the national instrument of Israel)