bio respi

• gas exchange


  in oxygen, out carbon dioxide
• respiration


  exchange of gasses
• air - 21% oxygen

  water - 0.7% oxygen
• direct respiration 


  skin/body
• indirect respiration


  internal or external / involves organs
• diffusion of oxygen


  using body / high to low
• organs for respiration


  comprises a moist permeable membrane
• organs for respiration

  1. tracheal systems
  2. gills
  3. lungs
  4. skin / body covering
• tracheal systems


  terrestrial arthropods / carry air directly to the individual cells / composed of tracheae and spiracles
• trachea

  small tubes that ramify through the body
• spiracles


  apertures in the body wall and can be opened and closed by valves / entrance
• gills


  multicellular aquatic animals
• fishes 


  two-chambered heart / has conus arteriosus / countercurrent flow
• conus arterious


  pulsates and transfers blood to the gills
• countercurrent flow


  blood and water meet in opposite directions
• lungs 


  land vertebrates / a chamber lined by moist epithelium underlaid by a network of blood capillaries / atmospheric air can be used / has alveoli
• alveoli


  small air sacs / compartments in the lungs / 200 million / has ducts / made of simple squamous epithelium
• alveolar ducts


  long, branching hallways with many open doorways
• frogs 


  3-chambered heart (2 atria 1 ventricle) / use skin underwater for gas exchange (cutaneous breathing)
• cutaneous breathing


  using skin for gas exchange
• moist skin for gas exchange

  earthworms
• human respiratory system

  1. conducting portion
  2. gas-exchange portion
• 2 types of gas exchange

  1. external
  2. internal
• external respiration


  between atmosphere and the blood in the lungs (alveoli cells)
• internal respiration


  between the blood and the cells of the body
• conducting portion


  nose -> bronchioles / s series of passageways that carry air into the gas-exchange portion
• nose / nasal cavity

  external nose / nasal cavity / nostrils / choanae / septum
• nares / nostrils


  external openings
• choanae 


  opening to the pharynx]
• nasal septum


  partition
• external nose


  visible structure
• pharynx (throat)


  passageway of both food and air / composed of naso, oro, laryngo
• larynx (voicebox)


  located in anterior throat / outer casing of 9 cartilages / has vocal cords
• vocal cords


  primary source of voice production
• trachea (windpipe)


  inverted y / membranous tube of connective tissue and smooth muscles / has 16-20 c-shaped pieces of cartilages
• bronchi

  left is more horizontal than the right / connects to the lung
• bronchioles

  has terminal and respiratory bronchioles
• tracing

  1. nose
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. bronchi
  6. bronchioles
  7. alveoli
• transport of oxygen is done by the blood (t/f)


  true
• hemoglobin


  respiratory pigment / heme + globin